An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history.
An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history.
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DOI：
10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/r233
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发表时间：
2014-09-21
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Xu XG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xu XG
利用人体解剖模型计算辐射剂量是辐射防护、医学成像和放射治疗领域的一个重要研究课题。然而，这一领域的早期先驱并没有预见到今天所观察到的研究活动的指数增长。这篇评论文章引导读者通过研究和发展的历史，在这一领域的研究，开始了大约50年前。这篇评论确定了一个明确的进展计算幻影的复杂性，可以表示由三个不同的世代。第一代程式化的幻影，代表了一组不到十几个模型，最初是在20世纪60年代在橡树岭国家实验室开发的，用于计算核医学程序的内部剂量。尽管它们的解剖结构简单，但这些计算体模是当时用于内部/外部剂量测定、图像评价和治疗剂量评价的最佳工具。由于断层医学成像和计算机的可用性增加，第二代大量的体素化幻影在20世纪80年代后期迅速出现。令人惊讶的是，在过去的十年里，第三代幻影的出现是基于先进的几何形状，称为边界表示（BREP）的非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）或多边形网格的形式。这一新类别的幻影现在包括超过287个型号，包括用于非电离辐射应用的型号。这篇评论文章旨在为读者提供一个一般性的理解，如何计算幻影领域来了，它在不同时期面临的技术挑战。这一目标是通过定义基本的几何建模技术，并通过分析选定的phantomy的几何特征和剂量学的问题来解决。丰富的历史信息总结在四个表格中，并在文本中重点介绍了一些最着名的幻影是如何开发和在实践中使用的。本综述中所涉及的一些信息以前没有报道过，例如，20世纪70年代为空间辐射应用开发的CAM和CAF幻影。作者还澄清了在当前ICRP辐射防护系统下辐射防护所需的"人口平均"前瞻性剂量测定和医学物理学研究中经常进行的"个体化"回顾性剂量测定之间的混淆。为了说明计算幻影的影响，本文的一部分是专门从作者自己的研究小组的例子。最后，作者解释了在准备这篇文章的过程中一个意想不到的发现，即过去50年的幻影遵循指数增长的模式。该综述结束于对未来研究需求的简要讨论（图15的补充文件"3Dectoms.pdf"可供下载，该文件将允许读者以3D方式交互式地可视化幻影）。
Radiation dose calculation using models of the human anatomy has been a subject of great interest to radiation protection, medical imaging, and radiotherapy. However, early pioneers of this field did not foresee the exponential growth of research activity as observed today. This review article walks the reader through the history of the research and development in this field of study which started some 50 years ago. This review identifies a clear progression of computational phantom complexity which can be denoted by three distinct generations. The first generation of stylized phantoms, representing a grouping of less than dozen models, was initially developed in the 1960s at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to calculate internal doses from nuclear medicine procedures. Despite their anatomical simplicity, these computational phantoms were the best tools available at the time for internal/external dosimetry, image evaluation, and treatment dose evaluations. A second generation of a large number of voxelized phantoms arose rapidly in the late 1980s as a result of the increased availability of tomographic medical imaging and computers. Surprisingly, the last decade saw the emergence of the third generation of phantoms which are based on advanced geometries called boundary representation (BREP) in the form of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) or polygonal meshes. This new class of phantoms now consists of over 287 models including those used for non-ionizing radiation applications. This review article aims to provide the reader with a general understanding of how the field of computational phantoms came about and the technical challenges it faced at different times. This goal is achieved by defining basic geometry modeling techniques and by analyzing selected phantoms in terms of geometrical features and dosimetric problems to be solved. The rich historical information is summarized in four tables that are aided by highlights in the text on how some of the most well-known phantoms were developed and used in practice. Some of the information covered in this review has not been previously reported, for example, the CAM and CAF phantoms developed in 1970s for space radiation applications. The author also clarifies confusion about “population-average” prospective dosimetry needed for radiological protection under the current ICRP radiation protection system and “individualized” retrospective dosimetry often performed for medical physics studies. To illustrate the impact of computational phantoms, a section of this article is devoted to examples from the author’s own research group. Finally the author explains an unexpected finding during the course of preparing for this article that the phantoms from the past 50 years followed a pattern of exponential growth. The review ends on a brief discussion of future research needs (A supplementary file “3DPhantoms.pdf” to Figure 15 is available for download that will allow a reader to interactively visualize the phantoms in 3D).