EU Copyright Law, Lobbying and Transparency of Policy-Making: The Cases of Sound Recordings Term Extension and Orphan Works Provisions
EU Copyright Law, Lobbying and Transparency of Policy-Making: The Cases of Sound Recordings Term Extension and Orphan Works Provisions
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欧盟版权法、游说和政策制定的透明度：录音制品期限延长和孤儿作品条款案例
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
Agnieszka Vetulani
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Agnieszka Vetulani
本文的目的是讨论欧盟在版权领域的游说。立法需要平衡地规范不同利益相关者的法律地位。然而，近年来生效的一些欧盟版权条款极具争议性，并导致人们认为强大的游说力量可能产生了一些影响。本文考察了游说对欧洲版权法制定的影响。本文对最近通过的两个指令的立法过程进行了具体的比较和多方面的分析：2011/77/EU延长了录音制品的保护期限，2012/28/EU引入了某些允许使用孤儿作品的指令（也参考了ACTA案例）。首先，简要介绍了欧盟磋商过程和游说的法律依据。接下来，对这两个案例进行分析，考虑到决策程序（特别关注如何处理咨询过程），提出和采用的法律解决方案以及各种利益相关者的索赔。最后，它询问了为什么一些利益集团成功了，而另一些则失败了（分析确定了游说有效性的两种因素：来自利益相关者行动的因素和与协商过程有关的因素）。
The objective of this paper is to discuss EU lobbying in the area of copyright. Legislation needs to regulate the legal position of various different stakeholders in a balanced manner. However, a number of EU copyright provisions brought into effect over recent years were highly controversial and have led to suggestions that powerful lobbying forces may have had some influence. This article investigates the effects of lobbying on copyright law-making in Europe. A specific comparative and multi-faceted analysis is provided of the legislative process for two recently adopted directives: 2011/77/EU which extends the term of protection of sound recordings and 2012/28/EU which introduces certain permitted uses of orphan works (some references are also made to the ACTA case). Firstly, a short presentation is given of the legal bases for the EU consultation process and lobbying. Next, an analysis is provided of the two cases, taking into consideration the policy-making procedures (with special focus on how the consultation process was handled), the legal solutions proposed and adopted and the various stakeholders’ claims. Lastly, it asks why some interest groups were successful and some others failed (the analysis identifies two types of factor for the effectiveness of lobbying: those resulting from stakeholders’ actions and those connected with the consultation process).