Chemokines: Key players in innate and adaptive immunity
Chemokines: Key players in innate and adaptive immunity
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DOI：
10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23841.x
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发表时间：
2005-10-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Beck, LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Esche, C;Stellato, C;Beck, LA
健康的个体通过使用一组种系编码的受体来启动对微生物的即时免疫应答，这些受体识别在与自身抗原不同的病原体表面上发现的常见分子模式。这种先天免疫反应是脊椎动物抵抗微生物的第一道防线，也是植物和无脊椎动物唯一的免疫反应。先天性免疫系统包括细胞组分以及许多可溶性产物（抗微生物肽、补体片段、细胞因子和趋化因子）。提供持久保护的适应性免疫应答需要数天才能形成，并且需要体细胞突变，导致抗原特异性T细胞受体（细胞介导的免疫）和免疫球蛋白（体液免疫）的形成。趋化因子超家族的成员在先天性和适应性反应中都有重要作用。我们综述了趋化因子超家族的生物学作用，重点介绍了与两种免疫反应相关的几种功能，如细胞募集、杀微生物活性、细胞活化、CD4（+）T细胞极化以及对结构细胞的影响。特别是，我们将说明趋化因子在宿主防御中发挥的核心作用，最好的证明是微生物基因组中发现的大量趋化因子和趋化因子受体同源物，这些同源物会转移宿主的免疫反应。
Healthy individuals initiate an immediate immune response to microbes by using a set of germline-encoded receptors that recognize common molecular patterns found on the surface of pathogens that are distinct from self-antigens. This innate immune response is the first line of defense against microorganisms in vertebrates, and constitutes the only immune response in plants and invertebrates. The innate immune system includes cellular components, as well as a host of soluble products (antimicrobial peptides, complement fragments, cytokines, and chemokines). The adaptive immune response, which provides long-lasting protection, takes days to develop and requires somatic mutations leading to the development of antigen-specific T cell receptors (cell-mediated immunity) and immunoglobulins (humoral immunity). Members of the chemokine superfamily are crucially involved in both innate and adaptive responses. We review the biological actions of the chemokine superfamily, focusing on several functions that are relevant for both immune responses, such as cell recruitment, microbicidal activity, cell activation, polarization of CD4(+) T cells, and effects on structural cells. In particular, we will illustrate the central role that chemokines play in host defense, best demonstrated by the tremendous number of chemokine and chemokine receptor homologs found in microbial genomes, which deflect the immune response of the host.