Environmental levels of atrazine and its degradation products impair survival skills and growth of red drum larvae
Environmental levels of atrazine and its degradation products impair survival skills and growth of red drum larvae
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.014
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发表时间：
2005-09-10
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Fuiman, LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alvarez, MD;Fuiman, LA
本研究采用亚致死浓度的除草剂阿特拉津（2-氯-4-乙基胺-6-异丙基胺- s -三嗪）对红圆鱼幼虫（Sciaenops ocellatus）生长、行为、生存潜力和静息呼吸速率的影响。用0、40和80 μ g / l（-1）急性暴露4天的沉降大小幼虫（总长度为7转）。96小时存活试验证实，这些自然浓度对红鼓幼虫是亚致死的。在暴露后1天和3天监测生长、常规游泳、对人工和实际捕食者的抗捕食反应和静息呼吸率。阿特拉津暴露显著降低了生长速率。暴露于阿特拉津的幼虫也表现出明显更高的常规游泳速度，游动路径更复杂，并且过度活跃。对人工和实际捕食者的反应不受阿特拉津暴露的影响，也不受静息呼吸率的影响。较高的旅行率（阿特拉津处理过的幼虫高86%）导致较高的与猎物（高达71%）和缓慢移动的捕食者（高达63%）的预测相遇率。然而，暴露的幼虫的过度活跃和更快的活动游泳速度表明，自然发生的亚致死水平的阿特拉津会导致能量利用率升高（总代谢率加倍），这可能会增加因饥饿而死亡的风险。此外，阿特拉津对生长的影响会延长幼虫期，可使幼虫数量减少24%。我们得出的结论是，环境实际水平的阿特拉津会对鱼类幼虫产生行为和生理影响，从而损害它们的生存预期。(c) 2005 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Red drum larvae (Sciaenops ocellatus) were exposed to environmentally realistic and sublethal levels of the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamin-6-isopropylamino-S-triazine) to evaluate its effects on ecologically critical traits: growth, behavior, survival potential, and resting respiration rate. Settlement size larvae (7 turn total length) were given an acute exposure of atrazine at 0, 40, and 80 mu g l(-1) for 4 days. Tests of 96 h survival confirmed that these naturally occurring concentrations were sublethal for red drum larvae. Growth, routine swimming, antipredator responses to artificial and actual predators, and resting respiration rate were monitored I and 3 days after onset of exposure. Atrazine exposure significantly reduced growth rate. Atrazine-exposed larvae also exhibited significantly higher routine swimming speeds, swam in more convoluted paths, and were hyperactive. Responses to artificial and actual predators were not affected by atrazine exposure nor were resting respiration rates. The higher rate of travel (86% higher in atrazine-treated larvae) resulted in higher predicted encounter rates with prey (up to 71%) and slow moving predators (up to 63%). However, hyperactivity and faster active swimming speeds of exposed larvae indicated that naturally occurring sublethal levels of atrazine will result in an elevated rate of energy utilization (doubling the total metabolic rate), which is likely to increase the risk of death by starvation. Moreover, atrazine effects on growth will prolong the larval period, which could reduce the juvenile population by as much as 24%. We conclude that environmentally realistic levels of atrazine induce behavioral and physiological effects on fish larvae that would compromise their survival expectations. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.