Long-term multi-wavelength variability and correlation study of Markarian 421 from 2007 to 2009
Long-term multi-wavelength variability and correlation study of Markarian 421 from 2007 to 2009
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DOI：
10.1051/0004-6361/201628447
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发表时间：
2016-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. L. Ahnen;S. Ansoldi;L. A. Antonelli;P. Antoranz;A. Babić;B. Banerjee;P. Bangale;U. D. Almeida;J. Barrio;J. Gonz'alez;W. Bednarek;E. Bernardini;B. Biasuzzi;A. Biland;O. Blanch;S. Bonnefoy;G. Bonnoli;F. Borracci;T. Bretz;S. Buson;A. Carosi;A. Chatterjee;R. Clavero;P. Colin;E. Colombo;J. Contreras;J. Cortina;S. Covino;P. D. Vela;F. Dazzi;A. Angelis;B. Lotto;E. O. Wilhelmi;F. D. Pierro;A. Domínguez;D. D. Prester-D.;D. Dorner;M. Doro;S. Einecke;D. Glawion;D. Elsaesser;A. Fern'andez-Barral;D. Fidalgo;M. V. Fonseca;L. Font;K. Frantzen;C. Fruck;D. Galindo;R. L'opez;M. Garczarczyk;D. G. Terrats;M. Gaug;P. Giammaria;N. Godinovi'c;A. G. Muñoz;D. Góra;D. Guberman;D. Hadasch;A. Hahn;Y. Hanabata;M. Hayashida;J. Herrera;J. Hose;D. Hrupec;G. Hughes;W. Idec;K. Kodani;Y. Konno;H. Kubo;J. Kushida;A. Barbera;D. Lelas;E. Lindfors;S. Lombardi;F. Longo;M. L'opez;R. L'opez-Coto;P. Majumdar;M. Makariev;K. Mallot;G. Maneva;M. Manganaro;K. Mannheim;L. Maraschi;B. Marcote;M. Mariotti;M. Mart'inez;D. Mazin;U. Menzel;J. Miranda;R. Mirzoyan;A. Moralejo;E. Moretti;D. Nakajima;V. Neustroev;A. Niedźwiecki;M. N. Rosillo;K. Nilsson;K. Nishijima;K. Noda;L. Nogu'es;R. Orito;A. Overkemping;S. Paiano;J. Palacio;M. Palatiello;D. Paneque;R. Paoletti;J. Paredes;X. Paredes-Fortuny;G. Pedaletti;L. Perri;M. Persic;J. Poutanen;P. Moroni;E. Prandini;I. Puljak;W. Rhode;M. Rib'o;J. Rico;J. Garcia;T. Saito;K. Satalecka;C. Schultz;T. Schweizer;S. Shore;A. Sillanpaa;J. Sitarek;I. Šnidarić;D. Sobczynska;A. Stamerra;T. Steinbring;M. Strzys;L. Takalo;H. Takami;F. Tavecchio;P. Temnikov;T. Terzi'c;D. Tescaro;M. Teshima;J. Thaele;D. Torres;T. Toyama;A. Treves;V. Verguilov;I. Vovk;J. Ward;M. Will;M. H. Wu;R. Zanin;D. Blinov;W. P. Chen;N. Efimova;E. Forn'e;T. Grishina;T. Hovatta;B. Jordan;G. Kimeridze;E. Kopatskaya;E. Koptelova;O. Kurtanidze;S. O. Kurtanidze;A. Lahteenmaaki;V. Larionov;E. Larionova;L. Larionova;R. Ligustri;H. C. Lin;B. Mcbreen;D. Morozova;M. Nikolashvili;C. Raiteri;J. A. Ros;A. Sadun;L. Sigua;M. Tornikoski;I. Troitsky;M. V. E. Zurich;CH-8093 Zurich;Switzerland.;U. Udine;I. Trieste;I. Udine;Italy.;I. I. F. Astrophysics-I.;I. Rome;U. Siena;I. Pisa;I. Siena;Croatian Magic Consortium;Rudjer Boskovic Institute;University of Rijeka;University of Split;U. Zagreb;Croatia.;Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics;1. Bidhannagar;Salt Lake;Sector-1;Kolkata 700064;India.;M. F. Physik;D-80805 Munchen;H Germany;U. Complutense;E. Madrid;Spain.;Instituto de Astrof'isica de Canarias-Instituto-de-Astrof'isica-de-Canarias-102997450;E-38200 La Laguna;Tenerife;U. L. Laguna;D. Astrof'isica;E-38200 La Laguna;University of L'od'z;PL-90236 Lodz;Poland;D. Elektronen-Synchrotron;D. Zeuthen;Institut de F'isica d'Altes Energies;T. Science;Technology;Campus Uab;08193 Bellaterra;U. Wurzburg;D-97074 Wurzburg;U. Padova;Infn;I-35131 Padova;Institute for Space Sciences;E. Barcelona;Technische Universitat Dortmund;D. Dortmund;Unitat de F'isica de les Radiacions-Unitat-de-F'isica-de-les-Radiacions-1381421020;D. D. F'isica-D.;CERES-IEEC;U. Barcelona;E-08193 Bellaterra;U. Barcelona;Icc;IEEC-UB;E. Barcelona;Japanese Magic Consortium;Icrr;T. U. O. Tokyo;D. Physics;H. Center;Kyoto University;T. University;The University of Tokushima;Kek;Japan.;Finnish Magic Consortium;T. Observatory;U. Turku;A. Division;U. Oulu;Finland.;Inst. for Nucl. Research;Nucl. Energy;BG-1784 Sofia;Bulgaria.;U. Pisa;I. Pisa;Icrea;Now at Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F'isicas;R. Sigaud;150 - Urca;RJ RiodeJaneiro-;22290-180;Brazil.;now at Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center;Greenbelt;MD 20771;Usa;D. O. Astronomy;U. Maryland;College Park;MD 20742;H. Berlin;15 InstitutfurPhysikNewtonstr.;12489 Berlin Germany;N. C. E. P. F. D. Lausanne;Lausanne;also at Japanese Magic Consortium;N. Eso;Turku;also at INAF-Trieste;A. M. C. F. Astrophysics;1290;Versoix;Astron. Inst.;S. Univ.;Russia.;U. Crete;Heraklion;Greece.;G. I. O. Astronomy;National Central University;300 Zhongda Rd;Zhongli 32001;Tao-yuan;Taiwan;P. Observatory;St.-Petersburg;Agrupaci'o Astronomica de Sabadell;A. L. M. R. Observatory;Metsahovintie 114;FI-02540 Kylmala;S. O. Physics;Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;Ireland;A. Observatory;Mt. Kanobili;0301 Abastumani;Georgia;E. A. Observatory;Kazan Federal University;Tatarstan;Aalto University Department of Radio Science;Engineering;P. 13000;FI-00076 Aalto;Circolo Astrofili Talmassons;S. O. Physics;University College Dublin;Belfield;4. Dublin;I. Torino;1. P. Torinese;U. Colorado;Denver
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. L. Ahnen;S. Ansoldi;L. A. Antonelli;P. Antoranz;A. Babić;B. Banerjee;P. Bangale;U. D. Almeida;J. Barrio;J. Gonz'alez;W. Bednarek;E. Bernardini;B. Biasuzzi;A. Biland;O. Blanch;S. Bonnefoy;G. Bonnoli;F. Borracci;T. Bretz;S. Buson;A. Carosi;A. Chatterjee;R. Clavero;P. Colin;E. Colombo;J. Contreras;J. Cortina;S. Covino;P. D. Vela;F. Dazzi;A. Angelis;B. Lotto;E. O. Wilhelmi;F. D. Pierro;A. Domínguez;D. D. Prester-D.;D. Dorner;M. Doro;S. Einecke;D. Glawion;D. Elsaesser;A. Fern'andez-Barral;D. Fidalgo;M. V. Fonseca;L. Font;K. Frantzen;C. Fruck;D. Galindo;R. L'opez;M. Garczarczyk;D. G. Terrats;M. Gaug;P. Giammaria;N. Godinovi'c;A. G. Muñoz;D. Góra;D. Guberman;D. Hadasch;A. Hahn;Y. Hanabata;M. Hayashida;J. Herrera;J. Hose;D. Hrupec;G. Hughes;W. Idec;K. Kodani;Y. Konno;H. Kubo;J. Kushida;A. Barbera;D. Lelas;E. Lindfors;S. Lombardi;F. Longo;M. L'opez;R. L'opez-Coto;P. Majumdar;M. Makariev;K. Mallot;G. Maneva;M. Manganaro;K. Mannheim;L. Maraschi;B. Marcote;M. Mariotti;M. Mart'inez;D. Mazin;U. Menzel;J. Miranda;R. Mirzoyan;A. Moralejo;E. Moretti;D. Nakajima;V. Neustroev;A. Niedźwiecki;M. N. Rosillo;K. Nilsson;K. Nishijima;K. Noda;L. Nogu'es;R. Orito;A. Overkemping;S. Paiano;J. Palacio;M. Palatiello;D. Paneque;R. Paoletti;J. Paredes;X. Paredes-Fortuny;G. Pedaletti;L. Perri;M. Persic;J. Poutanen;P. Moroni;E. Prandini;I. Puljak;W. Rhode;M. Rib'o;J. Rico;J. Garcia;T. Saito;K. Satalecka;C. Schultz;T. Schweizer;S. Shore;A. Sillanpaa;J. Sitarek;I. Šnidarić;D. Sobczynska;A. Stamerra;T. Steinbring;M. Strzys;L. Takalo;H. Takami;F. Tavecchio;P. Temnikov;T. Terzi'c;D. Tescaro;M. Teshima;J. Thaele;D. Torres;T. Toyama;A. Treves;V. Verguilov;I. Vovk;J. Ward;M. Will;M. H. Wu;R. Zanin;D. Blinov;W. P. Chen;N. Efimova;E. Forn'e;T. Grishina;T. Hovatta;B. Jordan;G. Kimeridze;E. Kopatskaya;E. Koptelova;O. Kurtanidze;S. O. Kurtanidze;A. Lahteenmaaki;V. Larionov;E. Larionova;L. Larionova;R. Ligustri;H. C. Lin;B. Mcbreen;D. Morozova;M. Nikolashvili;C. Raiteri;J. A. Ros;A. Sadun;L. Sigua;M. Tornikoski;I. Troitsky;M. V. E. Zurich;CH-8093 Zurich;Switzerland.;U. Udine;I. Trieste;I. Udine;Italy.;I. I. F. Astrophysics-I.;I. Rome;U. Siena;I. Pisa;I. Siena;Croatian Magic Consortium;Rudjer Boskovic Institute;University of Rijeka;University of Split;U. Zagreb;Croatia.;Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics;1. Bidhannagar;Salt Lake;Sector-1;Kolkata 700064;India.;M. F. Physik;D-80805 Munchen;H Germany;U. Complutense;E. Madrid;Spain.;Instituto de Astrof'isica de Canarias-Instituto-de-Astrof'isica-de-Canarias-102997450;E-38200 La Laguna;Tenerife;U. L. Laguna;D. Astrof'isica;E-38200 La Laguna;University of L'od'z;PL-90236 Lodz;Poland;D. Elektronen-Synchrotron;D. Zeuthen;Institut de F'isica d'Altes Energies;T. Science;Technology;Campus Uab;08193 Bellaterra;U. Wurzburg;D-97074 Wurzburg;U. Padova;Infn;I-35131 Padova;Institute for Space Sciences;E. Barcelona;Technische Universitat Dortmund;D. Dortmund;Unitat de F'isica de les Radiacions-Unitat-de-F'isica-de-les-Radiacions-1381421020;D. D. F'isica-D.;CERES-IEEC;U. Barcelona;E-08193 Bellaterra;U. Barcelona;Icc;IEEC-UB;E. Barcelona;Japanese Magic Consortium;Icrr;T. U. O. Tokyo;D. Physics;H. Center;Kyoto University;T. University;The University of Tokushima;Kek;Japan.;Finnish Magic Consortium;T. Observatory;U. Turku;A. Division;U. Oulu;Finland.;Inst. for Nucl. Research;Nucl. Energy;BG-1784 Sofia;Bulgaria.;U. Pisa;I. Pisa;Icrea;Now at Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F'isicas;R. Sigaud;150 - Urca;RJ RiodeJaneiro-;22290-180;Brazil.;now at Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center;Greenbelt;MD 20771;Usa;D. O. Astronomy;U. Maryland;College Park;MD 20742;H. Berlin;15 InstitutfurPhysikNewtonstr.;12489 Berlin Germany;N. C. E. P. F. D. Lausanne;Lausanne;also at Japanese Magic Consortium;N. Eso;Turku;also at INAF-Trieste;A. M. C. F. Astrophysics;1290;Versoix;Astron. Inst.;S. Univ.;Russia.;U. Crete;Heraklion;Greece.;G. I. O. Astronomy;National Central University;300 Zhongda Rd;Zhongli 32001;Tao-yuan;Taiwan;P. Observatory;St.-Petersburg;Agrupaci'o Astronomica de Sabadell;A. L. M. R. Observatory;Metsahovintie 114;FI-02540 Kylmala;S. O. Physics;Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;Ireland;A. Observatory;Mt. Kanobili;0301 Abastumani;Georgia;E. A. Observatory;Kazan Federal University;Tatarstan;Aalto University Department of Radio Science;Engineering;P. 13000;FI-00076 Aalto;Circolo Astrofili Talmassons;S. O. Physics;University College Dublin;Belfield;4. Dublin;I. Torino;1. P. Torinese;U. Colorado;Denver
我们研究了TeV耀变体Mrk 421在年时间尺度上的多波段变化和相关性，这可以为其宽带发射过程带来更多的见解。2007年3月至2009年6月，我们用切伦科夫望远镜MAGIC-I在甚高能伽马射线范围内观测了Mrk 421，经过质量削减后，有效时间总共为96小时。VHE通量的变化量化与几种方法，包括贝叶斯块算法，这是第一次应用到切伦科夫望远镜的数据。2.3年长的MAGIC光变曲线与2007年2月至2009年7月来自Swift/BAT和RXTE/ASM卫星以及KVA、GASP-WEBT、OVRO和Metsahovi望远镜的数据相补充，可以很好地描述多波段变化和多年时间尺度的相关性。在长达2.3年的观测期间，发现Mrk 421处于不同的伽马射线发射状态。耀斑和伽马射线光变曲线的不同变化水平可以用贝叶斯块算法来识别。在Swift/BAT和RXTE/ASM测量的X射线光变曲线中发现了相同的安静和活跃发射行为，并与时间直接相关。GASP-WEBT的光学光变曲线和OVRO和Metsahovi的射电光变曲线的行为是不同的，因为它们没有显示出与较高能量光变曲线和较少变化的发射相一致的特征。分数变异性总体上随能量增加而增加。X射线和VHE波段的可比变化以及它们在跨越数月的高活动和低活动期间的直接相关性表明，辐射X射线和伽马射线光子的电子群要么是相同的，正如同步加速器自康普顿机制所预期的那样，要么至少是强相关的，正如电磁级联所预期的那样。
We study the multi-band variability and correlations of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 on year time scales, which can bring additional insight on the processes responsible for its broadband emission. We observed Mrk 421 in the very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray range with the Cherenkov telescope MAGIC-I from March 2007 to June 2009 for a total of 96 hours of effective time after quality cuts. The VHE flux variability is quantified with several methods, including the Bayesian Block algorithm, which is applied to data from Cherenkov telescopes for the first time. The 2.3 year long MAGIC light curve is complemented with data from the Swift/BAT and RXTE/ASM satellites and the KVA, GASP-WEBT, OVRO, and Metsahovi telescopes from February 2007 to July 2009, allowing for an excellent characterisation of the multi-band variability and correlations over year time scales. Mrk 421 was found in different gamma-ray emission states during the 2.3 year long observation period. Flares and different levels of variability in the gamma-ray light curve could be identified with the Bayesian Block algorithm. The same behaviour of a quiet and active emission was found in the X-ray light curves measured by Swift/BAT and the RXTE/ASM, with a direct correlation in time. The behaviour of the optical light curve of GASP-WEBT and the radio light curves by OVRO and Metsahovi are different as they show no coincident features with the higher energetic light curves and a less variable emission. The fractional variability is overall increasing with energy. The comparable variability in the X-ray and VHE bands and their direct correlation during both high- and low-activity periods spanning many months show that the electron populations radiating the X-ray and gamma-ray photons are either the same, as expected in the Synchrotron-Self-Compton mechanism, or at least strongly correlated, as expected in electromagnetic cascades.