Biological roles of fungal carotenoids
Biological roles of fungal carotenoids
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DOI：
10.1007/s00294-014-0454-x
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发表时间：
2015-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Carmen Limon, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Avalos, Javier;Carmen Limon, M.
类胡萝卜素是广泛存在于自然界中的萜类色素，由细菌、真菌、藻类和植物产生。它们也存在于动物中，通常通过饮食获得它们。植物中的类胡萝卜素为果实和花提供醒目的黄色、橙子或红色，并发挥重要的代谢和生理功能，特别是与光合作用有关。它们的功能在非光合微生物中不太清楚。不同的真菌产生不同的类胡萝卜素，但不能产生它们的突变体在实验室中没有表现出表型改变，除了缺乏色素沉着。本文综述了真菌类胡萝卜素产生的功能基础。不同的证据支持类胡萝卜素对氧化应激和暴露于可见光或紫外线照射的保护作用。此外，类胡萝卜素是生理活性脱辅基类胡萝卜素或衍生化合物生物合成的中间产物。这是从β-胡萝卜素的对称氧化裂解中获得的视网膜的情况。视网膜是视紫红质的光吸收辅基，膜结合光感受器也存在于许多真菌物种中。在毛霉目中，β-胡萝卜素是合成三孢子类、脱辅基类胡萝卜素衍生物（包括性激素三孢子酸）的中间体，并且它们也可能用于合成孢粉素聚合物。总之，真菌已经调整了它们产生类胡萝卜素的能力，用于不同的非必需功能，与胁迫耐受性或生理活性副产物的合成有关。
Carotenoids are terpenoid pigments widespread in nature, produced by bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. They are also found in animals, which usually obtain them through the diet. Carotenoids in plants provide striking yellow, orange or red colors to fruits and flowers, and play important metabolic and physiological functions, especially relevant in photosynthesis. Their functions are less clear in non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Different fungi produce diverse carotenoids, but the mutants unable to produce them do not exhibit phenotypic alterations in the laboratory, apart of lack of pigmentation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functional basis for carotenoid production in fungi. Different lines of evidence support a protective role of carotenoids against oxidative stress and exposure to visible light or UV irradiation. In addition, the carotenoids are intermediary products in the biosynthesis of physiologically active apocarotenoids or derived compounds. This is the case of retinal, obtained from the symmetrical oxidative cleavage of beta-carotene. Retinal is the light-absorbing prosthetic group of the rhodopsins, membrane-bound photoreceptors present also in many fungal species. In Mucorales, beta-carotene is an intermediary in the synthesis of trisporoids, apocarotenoid derivatives that include the sexual hormones the trisporic acids, and they are also presumably used in the synthesis of sporopollenin polymers. In conclusion, fungi have adapted their ability to produce carotenoids for different non-essential functions, related with stress tolerance or with the synthesis of physiologically active by-products.