Spatial snowdrift modelling for an open natural terrain using a physically‐based linear particle distribution equation
Spatial snowdrift modelling for an open natural terrain using a physically‐based linear particle distribution equation
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DOI：
10.1002/hyp.14468
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发表时间：
2022-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
N. Ohara;Siwei He;A. Parsekian;B. Jones;R. Rangel;Ian O. Nichols;K. Hinkel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Ohara;Siwei He;A. Parsekian;B. Jones;R. Rangel;Ian O. Nichols;K. Hinkel
雪堆是由风吹雪沉积造成的，主要是根据经验估计的，而不是使用基于物理的模型，因为雪的重新分布过程极其复杂。本研究展示了基于线性粒子分布方程的雪重新分布的实用预测模型，该模型由雪面扩散、雪面平流和雪面侵蚀分量组成。在这里，我们专注于米级分辨率的二维自然地形的数值模型开发和实施，有或没有穿孔的雪栅栏，这在二维领域中很难建模。首先，在水文开放地形雪运动模型平台中实施了选定的数值方案，并在一些明确定义的边界条件下通过精确解进行了测试。然后，为了模拟计算域中间的滞雪结构周围的雪堆，引入并测试了等效的实体雪栅栏概念。该模型已应用于怀俄明州拉勒米山脉的多个地形以及阿拉斯加北坡的两个地点，风引起的积雪重新分布在这些地点发挥着重要作用。来自机载光探测和测距、探地雷达和无人机摄影测量的数据用于校准和验证模型。当雪致密化和融雪效应最小时，数值雪重新分布模型有效地再现了观察到的雪堆分布。模型应用表明，扩散效应通常主导雪的重新分布，而对于突然的地形转变和穿孔物体，平流和侵蚀效应的贡献分别有限。
Snowdrift, which results from deposition of wind transported snow, has been primarily estimated empirically rather than using physically‐based modelling since the snow redistribution process is extremely complex. This study demonstrates a practical predictive model for snow redistribution based on the Linear Particle Distribution equation, which consists of snow surface diffusion, snow surface advection, and snow surface erosion components. Here, we focus on numerical model development and implementation for two‐dimensional natural terrains at meter‐scale resolutions with and without perforated snow fences, which has been difficult to model in a two‐dimensional field. First, a selected numerical scheme was implemented in the Snow Movement Over Open Terrain for Hydrology model platform and tested by the exact solutions under a few well‐defined boundary conditions. Then, to simulate snowdrifts around the snow detention structures in the middle of the computational domain, an equivalent solid snow fence concept was introduced and tested. The model was applied to several terrains in the Laramie Range, Wyoming, and at two sites on the North Slope of Alaska, where wind‐induced snow redistribution plays a major role. Data from Airborne Light Detection and Ranging, Ground Penetrating Radar, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle photogrammetry were used to calibrate and validate the model. The numerical snow redistribution model effectively reproduces the observed snowdrift distributions when snow densification and snowmelt effects were minimal. The model applications illustrated that the diffusion effect generally dominated snow redistribution with limited contributions of advection and erosion effects for abrupt terrain transition and perforated object, respectively.