National trends and disparities in retail food environments in the USA between 1990 and 2014.
National trends and disparities in retail food environments in the USA between 1990 and 2014.
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DOI：
10.1017/s1368980023000058
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发表时间：
2023-05
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Lovasi, Gina S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hirsch, Jana A.;Zhao, Yuzhe;Melly, Steven;Moore, Kari A.;Berger, Nicolas;Quinn, James;Rundle, Andrew;Lovasi, Gina S.
通过社区构成（种族/民族和社会经济地位）描述跨越时间和空间的零售食品环境的国家差异。我们研究了1990年至2014年间美国连续人口普查区的建筑食品环境（零售店）（n 71 547）。我们测量了零售食品环境，包括所有食品商店、所有不健康食品来源（包括快餐、便利店、面包店和冰淇淋）和健康食品商店（包括超市、水果和蔬菜市场）的计数，这些数据来自国家建立时间序列商业数据。通过绘制食物环境的变化来显示空间格局。按地区聚类的多层次泊松模型，估计了具有土地面积偏移和自变量人口密度、种族构成（主要分为一个种族/民族（约60%）或混合）和通货膨胀调整后的收入水平的食品商店数量的时间趋势。1990年至2014年间的美国。所有人口普查区（71547年）。所有食品储存和不健康食品来源都增加了，而健康食品子类保持相对稳定。在调整人口密度的模型中，以非西班牙裔黑人、西班牙裔、亚洲人和混血儿为主的地区比以非西班牙裔白人为主的地区有更多的所有食物类别的目的地。这种差异随着时间的推移而增加，主要是由于不健康食物来源的增加，主要是非西班牙裔白人。收入和获取食物的渠道呈负相关，尽管差距随着时间的推移而缩小。我们的研究结果表明，在不同种族/民族和社会经济构成的社区中，餐饮场所的可用性具有持久和不断变化的空间格局。
To describe national disparities in retail food environments by neighbourhood composition (race/ethnicity and socio-economic status) across time and space. We examined built food environments (retail outlets) between 1990 and 2014 for census tracts in the contiguous USA (n 71 547). We measured retail food environment as counts of all food stores, all unhealthy food sources (including fast food, convenience stores, bakeries and ice cream) and healthy food stores (including supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets) from National Establishment Time Series business data. Changes in food environment were mapped to display spatial patterns. Multi-level Poisson models, clustered by tract, estimated time trends in counts of food stores with a land area offset and independent variables population density, racial composition (categorised as predominantly one race/ethnicity (>60 %) or mixed), and inflation-adjusted income tertile. The contiguous USA between 1990 and 2014. All census tracts (n 71 547). All food stores and unhealthy food sources increased, while the subcategory healthy food remained relatively stable. In models adjusting for population density, predominantly non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Asian and mixed tracts had significantly more destinations of all food categories than predominantly non-Hispanic White tracts. This disparity increased over time, predominantly driven by larger increases in unhealthy food sources for tracts which were not predominantly non-Hispanic White. Income and food store access were inversely related, although disparities narrowed over time. Our findings illustrate a national food landscape with both persistent and shifting spatial patterns in the availability of establishments across neighbourhoods with different racial/ethnic and socio-economic compositions.