A reconfigurable CMOS sensor for tracking, pre-shower and digital electromagnetic calorimetry
A reconfigurable CMOS sensor for tracking, pre-shower and digital electromagnetic calorimetry
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nima.2020.164459
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发表时间：
2020-10-21
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Zhang, Z.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allport, P.;Benhammadi, S.;Zhang, Z.
CMOS成像传感器技术的最新进展使得设计能够承受更高的辐射水平，达到强子对撞机所需的辐射水平，但最内层除外。此外，通过缝合，已经在与用于本提交中描述的原型相同的工艺上制造了晶片级器件，用于诸如透射电子显微镜中的直接电子检测的应用。一个小的传感器原型已被设计和制造的TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS成像工艺。该原型具有64 x64像素的像素矩阵，间距为55x 55 μ m，并使用40 MHz的快速逻辑读出。每个像素包含四个收集电极，微调逻辑，前置放大器，整形器和数字输出的整形器。它可以被重新配置为用作二进制短条传感器，用于颗粒跟踪，包括作为预淋浴，或作为垫传感器，计算数字量热法阈值以上的像素数。除了提供从外部跟踪到EM量热法的无缝过渡，为了最佳地使用粒子流算法，数字量热法还可以提供出色的能量分辨率。这个概念被提出作为未来数字量热计的一个可能的选择，它能够在LHC碰撞率下读出，具有良好的辐射硬度，并且可以在低成本的商业技术中实现，用于装备大面积。在FCC-HH上下文中的物理性能模拟的结果和原型传感器的特性。通过用波长为1064 nm的激光照射矩阵内的测试像素，演示了求和逻辑，并验证了模拟像素性能。校准绝对激光强度，使得注入的电荷类似于最小电离粒子的预期电荷。将测得的前置放大器和整形器信号与Cadence仿真进行比较。数字像素区域的激光照明和使用阈值扫描测量的响应确认了在条带和衬垫操作模式下的成功数字功能。
Recent advances in CMOS imaging sensor technology have led to designs able to withstand much higher radiation levels, up to those required at hadron colliders for all but the innermost layers. Also, with stitching, wafer scale devices have been fabricated on the same process as used for the prototypes described in this submission, for applications such as, for example, direct electron detection in transmission electron microscopy. A small sensor prototype has been designed and fabricated in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS imaging process. The prototype has a pixel matrix of 64x64 pixels with a pitch of 55 x 55 mu m and reads out using fast logic at 40 MHz. Each pixel contains four collection electrodes, trimming logic, pre-amplifier, shaper and discriminator with digital output. It can be reconfigured to function as either a binary short strip sensor, for particle tracking including as a pre-shower, or as a pad sensor, counting the number of pixels above threshold for digital calorimetry. As well as providing a seamless transition from outer tracking to EM calorimetry, for optimal use of particle flow algorithms, digital calorimetry also can give excellent energy resolution. This concept is proposed as a possible option for future digital calorimeters able to read-out at LHC collision rates with good radiation hardness and realisable in low cost commercial technologies for equipping large areas. Results on physics performance simulation in a FCC-hh context and the characterisation of the prototype sensor are presented. The summing logic is demonstrated and the analogue pixel performance is validated by illuminating a test pixel within the matrix with a laser of wavelength of 1064 nm. The absolute laser intensity is calibrated such that the injected charge is similar to that expected for a minimum ionising particle. The measured pre-amplifier and shaper signals are compared to Cadence simulations. Laser illuminations in the digital pixel area and the response measured using a threshold scan confirm successful digital functionality in strip and pad operation modes.