Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America
Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America
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DOI：
10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.005
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发表时间：
2018-08-01
影响因子：
12
通讯作者：
Karvonen, Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martin, Chris J.;Evans, James;Karvonen, Andrew
政府和私营部门越来越多地倡导智慧城市，将其作为实现城市可持续发展的主要手段。特别是在欧洲和北美，智慧城市被设想为一个部署数字技术来“解决”城市可持续性问题的地方。这些愿景在城市研究文献中受到了广泛的批评，因为它们反映了技术乌托邦式的、新自由主义的城市发展方法，这些方法对城市施加了企业控制，但对这些批评的实证验证很少。最近，一个不同的、跨学科的文献体系出现了，记录了智慧城市倡议在实践中的影响。本文提供了一个最先进的、经验丰富的智能可持续性分析，它考虑了对智慧城市政策和愿景的既定批评，以及越来越多的关于智慧城市倡议实际经验的证据。通过对欧洲和北美智慧城市文献的系统回顾，我们确定并测试了智慧城市与可持续城市发展目标之间的五个紧张关系。这些紧张关系包括：(1)加强新自由主义经济增长；(2)关注更富裕的人群；(3)剥夺和边缘化公民；（四）忽视环境保护的；(5)未能挑战盛行的消费主义文化。在这些发现的基础上，我们提出了数字技术专家、城市开发商、市政当局和公民如何解决这些紧张关系。一个重要的发现是，赋予公民权力并让公民参与的潜力是开启强调环境保护和社会公平的智能可持续城市发展形式的关键，而不仅仅是加强新自由主义的城市发展形式。
Smart cities are increasingly advocated by governments and the private sector as the primary means to deliver urban sustainability. Particularly in Europe and North America, the smart city is envisioned as a place where digital technologies are deployed to 'solve' urban sustainability problems. Such visions have been broadly critiqued in the urban studies literature for reflecting techno-utopian, neoliberal approaches to urban development that exert corporate control over cities, but there has been little empirical verification of these critiques. More recently, a disparate and interdisciplinary body of literature has emerged documenting the impacts of smart city initiatives in practice. This paper provides a state-of-the-art, empirically informed analysis of smart-sustainability, which considers established critiques of smart city policy and visions alongside the increasing body of evidence concerning the actual experiences of smart city initiatives. Through a systematic review of the smart city literature pertaining to Europe and North America, we identify and test five tensions between the smart city and the goals of sustainable urban development. These tensions involve: (1) reinforcing neoliberal economic growth; (2) focusing on more affluent populations; (3) disempowering and marginalising citizens; (4) neglecting environmental protection; and, (5) failing to challenge prevailing consumerist cultures. On the basis of these findings we propose how digital technologists, urban developers, municipalities and citizens might address these tensions. A key finding is that the potential to empower and include citizens represents the key to unlocking forms of smart-sustainable urban development that emphasise environmental protection and social equity, rather than merely reinforcing neoliberal forms of urban development.