Sewage spills are a major source of titanium dioxide engineered (nano)-particle release into the environment
Sewage spills are a major source of titanium dioxide engineered (nano)-particle release into the environment
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DOI：
10.1039/c8en01376d
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Baalousha, Mohammed
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Loosli, Frederic;Wang, Jingjing;Baalousha, Mohammed
生活污水溢出（SSO）是美国各地的一个常见问题。据估计，2004 年发生了 23000-75000 个 SSO，向受纳水域排放了 11 至 380 亿升未经处理的废水。 SSO 向受纳水体释放许多污染物，包括工程纳米材料 (ENM)。测量环境样品中的 ENM 浓度仍然是环境纳米技术的一个关键挑战，需要区分天然颗粒和工程颗粒。天然颗粒和工程颗粒之间的这种区别常常受到天然颗粒和工程颗粒内在特性（例如颗粒尺寸、组成、密度和表面化学）的相似性以及可用纳米计量工具的限制的阻碍。为了克服这些挑战，我们采用了多种方法来测量 TiO2 工程颗粒（例如 ENM 和颜料）的浓度和特性，包括：1) 多元素单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ME-SP-ICP-MS) 来识别元素关联并确定天然颗粒中的元素比率，2) 计算总元素浓度和总样品消化后测量的总金属浓度的比率，以估计工程颗粒浓度，以及3) 透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 来表征工程颗粒的尺寸和形态。 ME-SP-ICP-MS 分析表明，天然 TiO2 颗粒通常与以下元素中的至少一种相关：Al、Fe、Ce、Si、La、Zr、Nb、Pb、Ba、Th、Ta、W 和 U，并且 Ti 与除 Pb 之外的这些元素的元素比率是典型的河流颗粒物和平均地壳比率。在受 SSO 影响的地表水中发现了高浓度 TiO2 工程颗粒，浓度高达 100 μg L-1。 TEM 分析表明受 SSO 影响的地表水中存在规则形状的 TiO2 颗粒。这项研究提供了一种测量地表水中二氧化钛工程颗粒浓度的综合方法。这项工作产生的定量数据可用作建模研究的输入，并为环境系统中 ENM 的日常监测、ENM 命运模型的验证以及更准确的 ENM 暴露和风险评估铺平道路。
Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) are a common problem across the United States. An estimated number of 23000-75000 SSOs occurred in 2004, discharging between 11 and 38 billion liters of untreated wastewater to receiving waters. SSOs release many contaminants, including engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), to receiving water bodies. Measuring ENM concentrations in environmental samples remains a key challenge in environmental nanotechnology and requires the distinction between natural and engineered particles. This distinction between natural and engineered particles is often hampered by the similarities in the intrinsic properties of natural and engineered particles, such as particle size, composition, density, and surface chemistry, and by the limitations of the available nanometrology tools. To overcome these challenges, we applied a multi-method approach to measure the concentrations and properties of TiO2 engineered particles (e.g., ENMs and pigments) including: 1) multi element-single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ME-SP-ICP-MS) to identify elemental associations and to determine elemental ratios in natural particles, 2) calculation of total elemental concentrations and ratios from total metal concentrations measured following total sample digestion to estimate engineered particle concentrations, and 3) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize engineered particle size and morphology. ME-SP-ICP-MS analysis revealed that natural TiO2 particles are often associated with at least one of the following elements: Al, Fe, Ce, Si, La, Zr, Nb, Pb, Ba, Th, Ta, W and U, and that elemental ratios of Ti to these elements, except Pb, are typical of riverine particulates and the average crustal ratios. High TiO2 engineered particle concentrations up to 100 mu g L-1 were found in SSO-impacted surface waters. TEM analysis demonstrated the presence of regular-shape TiO2 particles in SSO-impacted surface waters. This study provides a comprehensive approach for measuring TiO2 engineered particle concentrations in surface waters. The quantitative data produced in this work can be used as input for modeling studies and pave the way for routine monitoring of ENMs in environmental systems, validation of ENM fate models, and more accurate ENM exposure and risk assessment.