Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer.
Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_2
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Chien, Yin-Chu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chen, Chien-Jen;You, San-Lin;Chien, Yin-Chu
包括EB病毒（EBV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、卡波西肉瘤疱疹病毒（KSHV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）、人类T细胞淋巴细胞病毒1型（HTLV-1）和人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）在内的7种病毒已被国际癌症研究机构（IARC）列为第1组人类致癌物。结论是基于流行病学和机制研究的结果。EBV、HPV、HTLV-1和KSHV是直接致癌物; HBV和HCV是通过慢性炎症间接致癌物; HIV-1是通过免疫抑制间接致癌物。有些病毒可能导致一种以上的癌症，而有些癌症可能是由一种以上的病毒引起的。然而，只有一部分被这些致癌病毒感染的人会患上特定的癌症。已经进行了一系列研究来评估EBV相关的鼻咽癌、HBV/HCV相关的肝细胞癌和HPV相关的宫颈癌的病毒、宿主和环境辅因子。持续感染、高病毒载量和病毒基因型是这些病毒引起的癌症的重要风险预测因素。结合宿主和病毒风险预测因子的风险计算器已被开发用于预测肝细胞癌、鼻咽癌和宫颈癌的长期风险。这些风险计算器对于受感染患者的分诊和临床管理非常有用。临床试验和国家免疫接种、抗病毒治疗和筛查计划都表明，由HBV、HCV和HPV引起的癌症发病率显著降低。未来的研究基因-基因和基因-环境相互作用的致癌病毒和人类宿主使用大规模的纵向研究与系列测量的生物特征是迫切需要的。
Seven viruses including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1), human T cell lymphotrophic virus, type-1 (HTLV-1), and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been classified as Group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The conclusions are based on the findings of epidemiological and mechanistic studies. EBV, HPV, HTLV-1, and KSHV are direct carcinogens; HBV and HCV are indirect carcinogens through chronic inflammation; and HIV-1 is an indirect carcinogen through immune suppression. Some viruses may cause more than one cancer, while some cancers may be caused by more than one virus. However, only a proportion of persons infected by these oncogenic viruses will develop specific cancers. A series of studies have been carried out to assess the viral, host, and environmental cofactors of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HBV/HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, and HPV-associated cervical carcinoma. Persistent infection, high viral load, and viral genotype are important risk predictors of these virus-caused cancers. Risk calculators incorporating host and viral risk predictors have been developed for the prediction of long-term risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and cervical cancer. These risk calculators are useful for the triage and clinical management of infected patients. Both clinical trials and national programs of immunization, antiviral therapy and screening have demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of cancers caused by HBV, HCV, and HPV. Future research on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions of oncogenic viruses and the human host using large-scale longitudinal studies with serial measurements of biosignatures are in urgent need.