Oil reservoirs, an exceptional habitat for microorganisms
Oil reservoirs, an exceptional habitat for microorganisms
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nbt.2018.11.006
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发表时间：
2019-03-25
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Meckenstock, Rainer U.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Pannekens, Mark;Kroll, Lisa;Meckenstock, Rainer U.
微生物存在于世界各地的油藏中，它们降解石油并导致石油质量变化。不幸的是，由于缺乏未受干扰的样品，我们对深层油藏过程的了解是有限的。本文综述了油水过渡带和油段水饱和区微生物的分布及其对温度、盐度和病毒等非生物和生物生态因子的生理适应。我们表明了研究油内水相的重要性，因为油段内的小水包裹体和口袋为天然油藏内的微生物提供了一个特殊的栖息地，同时扩大了石油生物降解区。温度和盐度等环境因素控制着石油的生物降解。温度决定了能够栖息在储层中的微生物的类型。变形菌门和广古菌门在所有温度范围内都普遍存在于油藏中，而其他一些则与特定温度有关。生物膜的形成是油藏中主要的生活方式，它能促进营养物质的吸收、互养作用和对环境压力的保护。文献表明，病毒是丰富的油藏和微生物群落组成的可能影响，由于控制微生物活性和功能进行了讨论。
Microorganisms are present in oil reservoirs around the world where they degrade oil and lead to changes in oil quality. Unfortunately, our knowledge about processes in deep oil reservoirs is limited due to the lack of undisturbed samples. In this review, we discuss the distribution of microorganisms at the oil-water transition zone as well as in water saturated parts of the oil leg and their possible physiological adaptations to abiotic and biotic ecological factors such as temperature, salinity and viruses. We show the importance of studying the water phase within the oil, because small water inclusions and pockets within the oil leg provide an exceptional habitat for microorganisms within a natural oil reservoir and concurrently enlarge the zone of oil biodegradation. Environmental factors such as temperature and salinity control oil biodegradation. Temperature determines the type of microorganisms which are able to inhabit the reservoir. Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota, are ubiquitous in oil reservoirs over all temperature ranges, whereas some others are tied to specific temperatures. It is proposed that biofilm formation is the dominant way of life within oil reservoirs, enhancing nutrient uptake, syntrophic interactions and protection against environmental stress. Literature shows that viruses are abundant in oil reservoirs and the possible impact on microbial community composition due to control of microbial activity and function is discussed.