Offspring development and life-history variation in a water flea depends upon clone-specific integration of genetic, non-genetic and environmental cues
Offspring development and life-history variation in a water flea depends upon clone-specific integration of genetic, non-genetic and environmental cues
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.12887
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Plaistow, Stewart J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harney, Ewan;Paterson, Steve;Plaistow, Stewart J.
理论预测，后代的发展策略包括遗传、非遗传和环境“线索”的整合。但线索整合在发育过程中是如何实现的，以及这种模式是普遍的还是基因型特异性的，目前还不清楚。为了验证这一点，我们对取自不同种群的大水蚤（Daphnia magna）的三个基因不同的克隆进行了母系和子代环境的操纵。然后定量分析了基因型、母系环境和子代环境对三个不同无性系发育和生活史的影响。母亲以不同的方式对相同的母亲环境做出反应，导致克隆特异性母亲对新生儿大小的影响。后代对母亲线索的反应根据所讨论的性状而变化，并且也具有克隆特异性。在两个克隆中，这些母体效应在发育过程中的整合高度依赖于环境，但在第三个克隆中，这些影响在不同环境中更加一致。遗传、非遗传和环境因素对三个克隆的后代表型变异都有影响，但没有将性状与特定因素联系起来的一般模式。事实上，两个克隆在发育的不同阶段使用不同的线索组合来获得相似的表型结果。在基因型、母系环境和当前环境之间，开始成熟的年龄和大小的反应规范有所不同。因此，诸如决定走向成熟之类的发展转变可能在决定线索整合模式方面发挥重要作用。在发育过程中考虑多种性状，表明遗传、非遗传和环境因素的整合变异是大鼠d基因型之间生活史变异的重要决定因素。这种变异可能影响表型进化。
Theory predicts that offspring developmental strategies involve the integration of genetic, non-genetic and environmental 'cues'. But it is unclear how cue integration is achieved during development, and whether this pattern is general or genotype specific.In order to test this, we manipulated the maternal and offspring environments of three genetically distinct clones of the water flea Daphnia magna taken from different populations. We then quantified the effect that the genotype, maternal environment and the offspring environment had on the development and life histories of the three different clones.Mothers responded to the same maternal environments in different ways, resulting in clonespecific maternal effects on neonate size. Offspring responses to maternal cues varied according to the trait in question and were also clone specific. The integration of these maternal effects during development was highly context dependent in two clones but more consistent across environments in the third.Genetic, non-genetic and environmental cues contributed to offspring phenotypic variation in all three clones, but there was no general pattern linking traits to specific cues. In fact, two clones used different combinations of cues at different points in development to achieve similar phenotypic outcomes. Reaction norms for the age and size at which maturation was initiated differed among genotypes, between maternal environments and across current environments. Developmental transitions such as the decision to mature may thus play an important role in determining patterns of cue integration.Considering multiple traits during development demonstrated that variation in the integration of genetic, non-genetic and environmental cues was an important determinant of life-history variation among D. magna genotypes. This variation is likely to influence phenotypic evolution.