Age Differences in Strategy Shift: Retrieval Avoidance or General Shift Reluctance?
Age Differences in Strategy Shift: Retrieval Avoidance or General Shift Reluctance?
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DOI：
10.1037/a0030473
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Hertzog, Christopher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frank, David J.;Touron, Dayna R.;Hertzog, Christopher
先前关于技能习得策略的元认知年龄差异的研究仅依赖于从算法到检索策略的处理转变的任务。老年人在这类任务中不愿改变策略的表现，可能反映了对记忆检索策略的特定厌恶，也可能反映了对策略改变的普遍惯性抵制。Haider和Frensch（1999）的字母验证任务（AVT）提供了一个非检索为基础的策略转变。参与者验证字母串的连续性，如D E F G [4] L，用括号中的数字表示要跳过的字母数量。当所有的偏差都被限制在字母-数字-字母部分时，参与者可以通过选择性地只关注刺激的那一部分来加速他们的反应。我们对AVT进行了调整，以包括促进向检索策略、选择性注意策略或两种策略转移的条件。项目级策略报告通过眼动数据进行验证。与年轻人相比，老年人转向检索策略的速度较慢，但转向选择性注意策略的速度较快，表明存在检索策略回避。策略信心和感知策略困难与两个年龄组的策略转换相关。每种策略的感知反应速度与老年人的策略选择特别相关，这表明一些老年人避免检索是因为他们没有意识到其效率效益。
Previous studies of metacognitive age differences in skill acquisition strategies have relied exclusively on tasks with a processing shift from an algorithm to retrieval strategy. Older adults' demonstrated reluctance to shift strategies in such tasks could reflect either a specific aversion to a memory retrieval strategy or a general, inertial resistance to strategy change. Haider and Frensch's (1999) alphabet verification task (AVT) affords a non-retrieval-based strategy shift. Participants verify the continuation of alphabet strings such as D E F G [4] L, with the bracketed digit indicating a number of letters to be skipped. When all deviations are restricted to the letter-digit-letter portion, participants can speed their responses by selectively attending to only that part of the stimulus. We adapted the AVT to include conditions that promoted shift to a retrieval strategy, a selective attention strategy, or both strategies. Item-level strategy reports were validated by eye movement data. Older adults shifted more slowly to the retrieval strategy but more quickly to the selective attention strategy than young adults, indicating a retrieval-strategy avoidance. Strategy confidence and perceived strategy difficulty correlated with shift to the two strategies in both age groups. Perceived speed of responses with each strategy specifically correlated with older adults' strategy choices, suggesting that some older adults avoid retrieval because they do not appreciate its efficiency benefits.