Ecological impacts of a widespread frost event following early spring leaf-out
Ecological impacts of a widespread frost event following early spring leaf-out
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02712.x
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Richardson, Andrew D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hufkens, Koen;Friedl, Mark A.;Richardson, Andrew D.
2010年春季，美国东北部的平均气温比长期平均值（3月至5月）高出3摄氏度。然而，在春季中后期，该地区的大部分地区经历了严重的霜冻事件。因此，2010年春季提供了一个关于未来春季极端温度如何影响东北部森林生态系统的案例研究。我们评估了三个北方硬木树种（糖枫，美国山毛榉，黄桦），这些异常的温度模式，使用几个不同的数据源，并解决了四个主要问题：（1）沿着海拔梯度，如何影响每个物种的晚春霜冻？(2)物候生长策略的差异如何影响它们的反应？(3)晚春霜冻如何影响研究区域内的生态系统生产力？(4)春季霜冻事件对森林群落生态的潜在长期影响是什么？我们的研究结果表明，所有物种都表现出早期的叶片发育所引发的温暖的春天。然而，黄桦树和美国山毛榉有更保守的增长策略，并在很大程度上不受晚春霜冻。相比之下，糖枫树强烈响应温暖的温度，并经历了广泛的霜冻损害，导致叶片损失和延迟冠层的发展。因此，晚春霜冻事件可能会为黄桦树和美国山毛榉提供竞争优势，而牺牲糖枫。卫星遥感的结果证实，在整个高海拔地区（>500米），霜冻破坏很普遍。据估计，霜冻事件使生态系统总生产力减少了70153，相当于g，相当于C，相当于m-2，或在8753平方公里的高海拔森林中，年总生产力的714%（1061，相当于+/-，相当于82，相当于g，相当于C，相当于m-2）。我们的结论是，霜冻事件后，落叶，这是预计将变得更加常见的气候变化，可能会影响森林组成和生态系统生产力。
In the spring of 2010, temperatures averaged similar to 3 similar to degrees C above the long-term mean (MarchMay) across the northeastern United States. However, in mid-to-late spring, much of this region experienced a severe frost event. The spring of 2010 therefore provides a case study on how future spring temperature extremes may affect northeastern forest ecosystems. We assessed the response of three northern hardwood tree species (sugar maple, American beech, yellow birch) to these anomalous temperature patterns using several different data sources and addressed four main questions: (1) Along an elevational gradient, how was each species affected by the late spring frost? (2) How did differences in phenological growth strategy influence their response? (3) How did the late spring frost affect ecosystem productivity within the study domain? (4) What are the potential long-term impacts of spring frost events on forest community ecology? Our results show that all species exhibited early leaf development triggered by the warm spring. However, yellow birch and American beech have more conservative growth strategies and were largely unaffected by the late spring frost. In contrast, sugar maples responded strongly to warmer temperatures and experienced widespread frost damage that resulted in leaf loss and delayed canopy development. Late spring frost events may therefore provide a competitive advantage for yellow birch and American beech at the expense of sugar maple. Results from satellite remote sensing confirm that frost damage was widespread throughout the region at higher elevations (>500 similar to m). The frost event is estimated to have reduced gross ecosystem productivity by 70153 similar to g similar to C similar to m-2, or 714% of the annual gross productivity (1061 similar to+/-similar to 82 similar to g similar to C similar to m-2) across 8753 similar to km2 of high-elevation forest. We conclude that frost events following leaf out, which are expected to become more common with climate change, may influence both forest composition and ecosystem productivity.