Physical Activity, Body Weight, and Adiposity: An Epidemiologic Perspective
Physical Activity, Body Weight, and Adiposity: An Epidemiologic Perspective
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体力活动、体重和肥胖：流行病学视角
DOI：
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
L. DiPietro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. DiPietro
超重是美国的一个普遍问题，特别是在少数民族妇女和社会经济地位较低和教育程度较低的人中。此外，在这些相同的人口亚组中，报告的不活动的流行率可能最高。超重和久坐行为都是慢性病发病率和死亡率的重要风险因素;然而，有令人鼓舞的证据表明，中等至较高水平的体力活动可能会保护某些慢性病，即使是在具有既定风险因素的人群中。一些方法学问题排除了准确确定身体活动对体重和肥胖的影响的能力。这些问题包括：（a）一般人群中高强度体力活动的发生率较低，（B）自我报告的活动（尤其是低强度活动）的测量误差，（c）体力活动评估的时间框架不适当，（d）年龄和性别的影响修正，以及（e）未能调整重要的统计混杂因素。尽管存在这些方法学问题，但在几项横断面流行病学研究中报告了身体活动与体重之间的负相关性，这些研究一致报告体重较低或体脂分布更有利，自我报告的身体活动分类水平较高。然而，从这些研究中无法确定体力活动和体重关系的方向性，并且评估体力活动对体重增加风险影响的少数纵向流行病学研究报告了不确定的结果。这可能是因为一次性的体力活动评估不足以描述习惯性体力活动对长期体重维持的贡献。因此，有必要进行基于人群的纵向研究，在长期随访期间对身体活动进行多次评估，以确定这种关系。无论如何，证据表明，关注超重的人，特别是预防超重和肥胖的人，应该增加他们的体育活动。年龄、性别、教育水平和体重等社会人口特征与身体活动模式和选择相关。因此，专业人员在实施身体活动干预以控制体重时应考虑这些特征。步行对美国人口的各个阶层都是方便的。由于步行方便、成本低、安全，如果定期进行至少20-30分钟的持续时间，可以导致体重减轻，因此在减肥和维持体重计划中应强调步行的相对优点。此外，为了减少与超重、肥胖和久坐行为相关的发病率和死亡率，干预方案的优先重点应针对人口中最脆弱群体的人。
Overweight is a common problem in the United States, especially among minority women and persons of lower socioeconomic status and lower educational attainment. Moreover, the prevalence of reported inactivity may be highest in these same population subgroups. Both overweight and sedentary behavior are important risk factors for chronic disease morbidity and mortality; however, there is encouraging evidence that moderate to higher levels of physical activity may provide protection from certain chronic diseases, even among persons with established risk factors. Several methodological issues preclude the ability to determine accurately the impact of physical activity on body weight and adiposity. These issues include (a) a low prevalence of higher-intensity physical activity in the general population, (b) measurement error with regard to self-reported activity, especially that of lower-intensity, (c) inappropriate time frame of the physical activity assessment, (d) effect modification by age and gender, and (e) failure to adjust for important statistical confounders. Despite these methodological issues, the inverse association between physical activity and weight has been reported in several cross-sectional epidemiologic studies, which consistently report lower body weight, or more favorable distribution of body fat, with higher categorical levels of self-reported physical activity. Directionality of the physical activity and weight relation cannot be determined from these studies, however, and the few longitudinal epidemiologic studies that have assessed the influence of physical activity on the risk of weight gain report inconclusive results. This is possibly because a one-time assessment of physical activity if not adequate in describing the contribution of habitual physical activity on long-term weight maintenance. Therefore, longitudinal population-based studies with multiple assessments of physical activity over long follow-up periods are necessary to determine this relationship. In any case, the evidence suggests that persons concerned with overweight, or especially the prevention of overweight and obesity, should increase their physical activity. Sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, and weight are associated with physical activity patterns and choices. Therefore, these characteristics should be considered by professionals when implementing physical activity interventions for weight control. Walking is accessible to all segments of the U.S. population. Because walking is convenient, low cost, and safe, and can result in weight loss if done regularly for durations of at least 20-30 min, its relative merits should be stressed in weight reduction and maintenance programs. Furthermore, to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with overweight, obesity, and sedentary behavior, priority for intervention programs should be directed at persons in the most vulnerable sectors of the population.