The birth of piRNAs: how mammalian piRNAs are produced, originated, and evolved.
The birth of piRNAs: how mammalian piRNAs are produced, originated, and evolved.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00335-021-09927-8
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发表时间：
2022-06
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Li, Xin Zhiguo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sun, Yu H.;Lee, Brent;Li, Xin Zhiguo
piwi相互作用rna （pirna）是一种长度为24-35个核苷酸的小非编码rna，对动物的生育能力至关重要。它们在一系列功能中发挥关键作用，包括转座因子抑制、基因表达调控、印迹和病毒防御。在哺乳动物中，pirna是成年睾丸中最丰富的小rna，也是唯一指导细胞核染色质表观遗传修饰的小rna。pirna的产生是一个复杂的过程，从转录到转录后，需要独特的机制，通常不同于其他rna的生物发生。在小鼠中，piRNA发生在特殊的亚细胞位置，涉及动态发育调节，并表现出性别二态性。此外，pirna的基因组位点和序列的进化比大多数基因组区域要快得多。了解piRNA的生物发生机制有助于揭示识别和加工piRNA前体的新RNA调控机制，以及动物进化过程中piRNA获得和丧失的驱动力。这些发现可能为开发能够调节表观遗传调控的工程pirna提供基础，从而提供可能的单剂量RNA治疗，而不改变基因组DNA。在这篇综述中，我们关注的是来自长链非编码rna的pirna在哺乳动物成年睾丸中的生物发生。尽管piRNA的生物发生被认为是进化保守的，从果蝇到人类，最近的研究认为存在多种哺乳动物特异性rna加工途径，将前体rna转化为piRNA，这可能与哺乳动物piRNA或生殖细胞发育的独特特征有关。最后，我们讨论了该领域的主要问题，包括底物识别和新pirna的诞生。
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small noncoding RNAs 24–35 nucleotides long, are essential for animal fertility. They play critical roles in a range of functions, including transposable element suppression, gene expression regulation, imprinting, and viral defense. In mammals, piRNAs are the most abundant small RNAs in adult testes and the only small RNAs that direct epigenetic modification of chromatin in the nucleus. The production of piRNAs is a complex process from transcription to post-transcription, requiring unique machinery often distinct from the biogenesis of other RNAs. In mice, piRNA biogenesis occurs in specialized subcellular locations, involves dynamic developmental regulation, and displays sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, the genomic loci and sequences of piRNAs evolve much more rapidly than most of the genomic regions. Understanding piRNA biogenesis should reveal novel RNA regulations recognizing and processing piRNA precursors and the forces driving the gain and loss of piRNAs during animal evolution. Such findings may provide the basis for the development of engineered piRNAs capable of modulating epigenetic regulation, thereby offering possible single-dose RNA therapy without changing the genomic DNA. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis of piRNAs in mammalian adult testes that are derived from long non-coding RNAs. Although piRNA biogenesis is believed to be evolutionarily conserved from fruit flies to humans, recent studies argue for the existence of diverse, mammalian-specific RNA-processing pathways that convert precursor RNAs into piRNAs, perhaps associated with the unique features of mammalian piRNAs or germ cell development. We end with the discussion of major questions in the field, including substrate recognition and the birth of new piRNAs.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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