Community-based cultural tourism: issues, threats and opportunities
Community-based cultural tourism: issues, threats and opportunities
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基于社区的文化旅游：问题、威胁和机遇
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Noel B. Salazar
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作者：
Noel B. Salazar
本文以坦桑尼亚长期的人类学田野调查为例，批判性地分析了普遍接受的基于社区的旅游话语如何与当地的现实产生共鸣。它侧重于当地导游如何处理他们作为社区文化遗产大使的角色，以及社区成员如何对他们的叙述和做法作出反应。它特别注意有时限的、以项目为基础的发展方法，需要有一个有效的退出战略，以进行质量控制、导游培训和长期留住导游。这项研究是基于荷兰发展机构Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers（SNV）1995年至2001年资助的一个项目以及项目后的经验。研究结果揭示了权力和阻力，说明许多社区为基础的旅游冲突的多个复杂的问题。与“他者”的遭遇被证明是中心的，专业中介机构在促进这种文化接触的经验中的作用是至关重要的。导游往往是游客花费大量时间的唯一“当地人”：他们在所访问的人民和地方的形象塑造过程中发挥着相当大的作用，（重新）塑造旅游目的地的形象，并间接影响游客的自我形象。本文件提出了克服所述问题的设想。
Using examples from long-term anthropological fieldwork in Tanzania, this paper critically analyzes how well generally accepted community-based tourism discourses resonate with the reality on the ground. It focuses on how local guides handle their role as ambassadors of communal cultural heritage and how community members react to their narratives and practices. It pays special attention to the time-limited, project-based development method, the need for an effective exit strategy, for quality control, tour guide training and long-term tour guide retention. The study is based on a program funded by the Netherlands-based development agency, Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (SNV), from 1995 to 2001, and on post-program experiences. Findings reveal multiple complex issues of power and resistance that illustrate many community-based tourism conflicts. The encounter with the “Other” is shown to be central and that the role of professional intermediaries in facilitating this experience of cultural contact is crucial. Tour guides are often the only “locals” with whom tourists spend considerable time: they have considerable agency in the image-building process of the peoples and places visited, (re)shaping tourist destination images and indirectly influencing the self-image of those visited too. The paper provides ideas for overcoming the issues and problems described.