A.M. Gurnell and M.J. Clark, eds. 1987. Glacio-fluvial sediment transfer: an alpine perspective. Chichester, etc., John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
A.M. Gurnell and M.J. Clark, eds. 1987. Glacio-fluvial sediment transfer: an alpine perspective. Chichester, etc., John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
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作者：
T. Chinn
本卷的目的是提出一个综合的，国家的最先进的审查研究沉积物转移在冰川高山盆地。目的是实现在18贡献，所有的欧洲作者，这给了卷强烈的欧洲偏见，特别强调从瑞士阿尔卑斯山的Tsidjiore Nouve冰川获得的结果。编辑们对这个常被引用的名字的读音没有给予帮助。这本书是方便地分为四个部分：一个背景，冰川沉积物转移，河流沉积物转移，并对影响的最后一节。一个优秀的目录可以让读者一眼就能确定每一章、每一节和整本书的内容，或者快速选择任何特定的主题。每章也以摘要开始，进一步帮助选择主题。参考文献列在每一章的末尾，在书的后面有一个主题索引。第一部分试图对高寒前冰川地区的沉积物系统、冰周过程、冰和水的沉积物转移以及水文地貌的背景进行一般性回顾。这些导论章节的目的应该是建立这些系统作为一个整体的概念框架，并以清晰和简洁的方式给出，易于阅读和理解。不幸的是，由编辑格内尔和克拉克分享的这一部分，在表达上而不是内容上未能达到这一目标。这篇文章的特点是冗长的行话和冗长的句子，以至于读者在努力将文章翻译成通俗易懂的英语时，很快就忽略了文章的目的。第10页的一个例子写道：“然而，系统思维固有的特点是，整体观点不可避免地产生的复杂性可以通过概括连接结构和分析详细子系统的双重策略来吸收。”除非读者对乏味的理论讨论特别感兴趣，否则这一部分绝对应该避免，因为这前三章是一个艰难的过程，只会阻止读者继续阅读后面的好信息。幸运的是，在第四章中，C.R.芬恩与格内尔和克拉克讨论了大致相同的内容，并且用了几页清晰的文字。本节还包含M.J.克拉克关于低温过程及其相关土地形式的一章，从talus斜坡到岩石冰川，但在努力阅读文本后，读者对这些过程的看法仍然不清楚。没有提到岩石雪崩对沉积物转移的不规则但非常重要的贡献。关于冰川沉积物转移的第二部分包含关于冰川和冰川上沉积物的运输和沉积、冰下沉积物系统和冰碛沉积物收支的章节。对这个主题的处理是彻底的，并用清晰的图表和照片很好地说明了这一点。前两章对岩屑运输作了明确而全面的论述。然而，偶尔出现的错误（在第136页描述冰碛类型时用“前”代替“后”）和过程概念中的错误，例如在第117页“沉积物随后在地表重新暴露……由于挤压的结果，裂缝变得封闭”不幸地破坏了这一章。R.J.斯莫尔对冰川和冰川上沉积物以及冰碛沉积物收支的处理是翔实的，并且写得很好，有来自各种冰川的好例子作为案例研究。R.A. Souchez和R.D. Lorrain撰写了关于冰下沉积物系统的一章，内容也非常丰富，但往往停留在冰川侵蚀的经典概念领域。例如，作者们并没有冒险讨论一些问题，比如为什么最高的侵蚀率发生在头壁的底部，导致马戏团突出其特征形状。这一章的主要观点也被隐藏在长长的段落中；幸运的是，这些在简短的结论中得到了明确的强调。最后一章，同样是斯莫尔的，题为“冰碛沉积物预算”，承诺但未能将前四章联系起来，尽管这是一个很好的总结，但它实际上是斯莫尔对冰川上沉积物的阐述的延续。他以每年毫米为普遍可比的单位，对侵蚀速率作了非常有用的总结，并且罕见地详细描述了侧冰碛的形成，这是一块珍宝，因为这些特征在世界范围内都有发生，但在目前的冰川退缩时代的形成过程中很少观察到。他没有明确区分干基冰川、湿基冰川和多热冰川，而多热冰川对基底沉积物过程非常重要。H. R . /lthlisberger和H. Lang在第10章中介绍了冰川水文学，并对冰川与气候的相互作用作了精彩的论述。这里清楚地解释了水、质量和热量的各种基本冰川平衡，给出了标准参数的值，并精确地描述了近期冰川波动，将当前冰川的行为与其环境结合起来。所有基本计算的方程式和单位都清楚地列明和定义，使这一章成为各种水平的冰川学家的很好的参考资料。Souchez和Lemmens对溶质的处理，或熔融水的化学性质，也组织得很好，很清晰，很有启发性。这一章对冰川系统的一部分提供了有价值的，但有时是详细和复杂的贡献，这些部分通常不被研究和很少发表。点格内尔提供了一个优秀的，平衡的评论和讨论悬浮物在前冰川溪流。B.戈麦斯关于河床的那一章，虽然写得很好，但对砾石河中河床运输的最新评述，根本没有把重点放在冰川环境上。考虑到河床负荷在前冰川河道过程中的明显重要性，这是令人失望的。没有提到预期提到的床荷载源和汇，以及与退缩和前进的冰川有关的沉积物供应变化。C.R.芬恩提供了一章来研究电导率在水文冰川学研究中的应用。它写得很清楚，为这个主题提供了一个很好的背景，同时也很好地关注了冰川的应用。点Gurnell使用本节的最后一章，将阿尔卑斯冰川集水区的总泥沙负荷组成部分集中起来，并考虑其相对重要性。这包括一个有用的来自高山和极地集水区沉积物产量的全球比较，尽管它远不是一个全面的列表。第四部分将研究高山冰川沉积物转移对前冰川河道过程的影响，并考察瑞士阿尔卑斯山水电计划的一个案例研究。Fenn和Gurnell讨论了前冰川河道过程。他们的重点是速率、模式和形式，而不是沉积方面。需要额外的图表来帮助解释和定义，特别是在编织通道部分。第16.5节，查看通道横截面的调整，与其余部分不成比例
THIS volume aims to present an integrated, state-of -the-art review of research into sediment transfer in glaciated Alpine basins. The aim is achieved in 18 contributions, all by European authors, which gives the volume a strong European bias with particular emphasis on the results obtained from Tsidjiore Nouve glacier in the Swiss Alps. The editors give no assistance towards the pronunciation of this oft-quoted name. The book is conveniently organized into four sections: a background, glacial sediment transfer, fluvial sediment transfer, and a final section on implications. An excellent table of contents allows the reader to establish at a glance the content of each chapter, each section and the volume as a whole, or to select quickly any particular topic. Each chapter also begins with an abstract which further assists in the selection of topics. References are listed at the end of each chapter and there is a subject index at the back of the book. The first section attempts a general review to give a background of sediment systems, periglacial processes, sediment transfer by ice and water, and hydrogeomorphology in Alpine pro-glacial areas. The aim of these introductory chapters should be to establish a conceptual framework of these systems as a whole, and be given in a clear and concise manner, easily read and understood. Unfortunately, this section, shared by the editors Gurnell and Clark, fails in this aim in presentation rather than content. The writing is characterized by verbose jargon and laboured sentences, to the extent that the reader, in a struggle to translate the text into plain English, soon loses sight of the objectives. An example from p. 10 reads "However, it is inherent to systems thinking that the complexity inevitably produced by a holistic viewpoint can be assimilated by the twin strategies of generalising the linking structures and analysing the detailed sub-systems". Unless the reader is particularly interested in ponderous theoretical discussions, this section should definitely be avoided, as these first three chapters are a slog and serve only to discourage the reader from continuing to the good information that follows. Fortunately, the day is saved in chapter 4, where C.R. Fenn covers much the same ground as Gurnell and Clark, and does so in a few lucid pages. This section also contains a chapter by M.J. Clark on cryogenic processes and their associated land forms ranging from talus slopes to rock glaciers, but after struggling through the text, the reader's perspective on these processes remains unenlightened. The irregular but very significant contribution to sediment transfer by rock avalanches is not mentioned. The second section on glacial sediment transfer contains chapters on englacial and supraglacial sediment transport and deposition, the subglacial sediment system, and moraine sediment budgets. The treatment of the topic is thorough and well illustrated with clear diagrams and photographs. These first two chapters give an explicit and comprehensive treatise on debris transport. However, occasional errors ("former" instead of "latter" on p. 136 when describing moraine types) and in the concept of processes, e.g. on p. 117 "sediment is subsequently re-exposed at the surface ... as a result of squeezing out as the crevasse becomes closed" unfortunately mar the chapter. R.J. Small's treatment of englacial and supraglacial sediment and of moraine sediment budgets is informative and well written with good examples as case studies drawn from a variety of glaciers. R.A. Souchez and R.D. Lorrain contribute a chapter on the subglacial sediment system which is also very informative, but tends to remain in the realms of classical concepts of glacial erosion. The authors, for example, do not venture into discussions of problems like how the highest rates of erosion occur at the base of head walls, causing cirques to accentuate their characteristic shape. The chapter also suffers from its main points being hidden in long paragraphs; fortunately these are clearly emphasized in the short conclusion. The final chapter, titled moraine sediment budgets, also by Small, promises but fails to tie together the preceding four chapters and, although it is a good summary, it is really a continuation of Small's exposition on supraglacial sediment. He gives a very useful summary of erosion rates in the universally comparable terms of mm per year and the rare detailed description of the formation of lateral moraines is a gem, as these features have a world-wide occurrence but are rarely observed during formation in the present era of glacial withdrawal. He does not make clearly the distinction between dry-based, wet-based, and poly thermal glaciers, so important to basal sediment processes. Glacial hydrology is introduced by H. R/lthlisberger and H. Lang in chapter 10 with an excellent dissertation on the interaction of glaciers and climate. Here the various fundamental glacial balances of water, mass, and heat are clearly explained, values are given for standard parameters, and a precis of recent glacial fluctuations puts the behaviour of present glaciers into perspective with their environment. All equations and units for basic calculations are clearly laid out and defined, making the chapter a very good reference for glaciologists of all calibres. Souchez and Lemmens' treatment of solutes, or the chemistry of melt water, is also well organized, clear, and instructive. This chapter gives a valuable, but sometimes detailed and complex, contribution on a part of the glacial system which is not commonly studied and infrequently published. A.M. Gurnell provides an excellent, well-balanced review and discussion on suspended sediment in pro-glacial streams. B. Gomez's chapter on bed load, while being a well-written up-to-date review of bed-load transport in gravel rivers, does not focus at all on glacial environments. This is disappointing, given the obvious importance of bed load in pro-glacial channel processes. The expected references to bed-load sources and sinks, and the sedimentsupply variations associated with retreating and advancing glaciers are not mentioned. C.R. Fenn provides a chapter examining the ways that electrical conductivity has been used in hydroglaciological studies. It is clearly written, giving a good background 10 the subject as well as a good focus on glacial applications. A.M. Gurnell uses the final chapter of this section to draw together and consider the relative importance of the components of total sediment load from Alpine glacial catchments. This includes a useful global comparison of sediment yields from alpine and polar catchments, although it is far from a comprehensive list. Section IV claims to look at the implications of Alpine glacial sediment transfer as applied to pro-glacial channel processes and examines a case study of a hydro-electric power scheme in the Swiss Alps. Fenn and Gurnell discuss pro-glacial channel processes. Their emphasis is on rates, modes, and forms rather than on sedimentary aspects. There is a need for additional diagrams to assist with explanations and definitions particularly in the section on braided channels. Section 16.5, looking at adjustments in channel cross-sections, is out of proportion to the remainder of the