Widespread contamination of wildflower and bee-collected pollen with complex mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides commonly applied to crops
Widespread contamination of wildflower and bee-collected pollen with complex mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides commonly applied to crops
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.011
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发表时间：
2016-03-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Goulson, Dave
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
David, Arthur;Botias, Cristina;Goulson, Dave
关于暴露于农药对蜜蜂造成的伤害，有相当多的持续辩论。在某种程度上，缺乏共识反映了缺乏关于实地实际接触程度的信息。在这里，我们量化的油菜花粉中的烟碱类杀虫剂和杀真菌剂的浓度，并在耕地附近生长的野花花粉。然后，我们将其与蜜蜂收集的花粉中发现的这些农药的浓度进行比较，并从放置在耕地上的大黄蜂蜂群中采集花粉和成年蜜蜂样本。我们还将其与放置在城市地区的大黄蜂蜂群中发现的水平进行了比较。油菜的花粉被各种各样的杀虫剂严重污染，附近生长的野花的花粉也是如此。因此，这两种蜜蜂采集的花粉也含有多种农药，特别是包括杀菌剂多菌灵、啶酰菌胺、氟硅唑、叶菌唑、戊唑醇和唑菌酯以及烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪、噻虫啉和吡虫啉。在大黄蜂中，杀真菌剂多菌灵、啶酰菌胺、戊唑醇、氟硅唑和叶菌唑的浓度高达73纳克/克。值得注意的是，熊蜂在农村地区收集的花粉含有高水平的类烟碱噻虫嗪（平均18纳克/克）和噻虫啉（平均2.9纳克/克），以及沿着一系列杀真菌剂，其中一些已知与类烟碱协同作用。城市地区熊蜂群体的农药暴露量远低于农村地区。了解蜜蜂同时接触复杂的农药混合物的影响仍然是一个重大挑战。(C)2015爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
There is considerable and ongoing debate as to the harm inflicted on bees by exposure to agricultural pesticides. In part, the lack of consensus reflects a shortage of information on field-realistic levels of exposure. Here, we quantify concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides in the pollen of oilseed rape, and in pollen of wildflowers growing near arable fields. We then compare this to concentrations of these pesticides found in pollen collected by honey bees and in pollen and adult bees sampled from bumble bee colonies placed on arable farms. We also compared this with levels found in bumble bee colonies placed in urban areas. Pollen of oilseed rape was heavily contaminated with a broad range of pesticides, as was the pollen of wildflowers growing nearby. Consequently, pollen collected by both bee species also contained a wide range of pesticides, notably including the fungicides carbendazim, boscalid, flusilazole, metconazole, tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and imidacloprid. In bumble bees, the fungicides carbendazim, boscalid, tebuconazole, flusilazole and metconazole were present at concentrations up to 73 nanogram/gram (ng/g). It is notable that pollen collected by bumble bees in rural areas contained high levels of the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam (mean 18 ng/g) and thiacloprid (mean 2.9 ng/g), along with a range of fungicides, some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Pesticide exposure of bumble bee colonies in urban areas was much lower than in rural areas. Understanding the effects of simultaneous exposure of bees to complex mixtures of pesticides remains a major challenge. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.