‘Ausweis Bitte!’ Identity and Identification in Nazi Germany
‘Ausweis Bitte!’ Identity and Identification in Nazi Germany
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“Ausweis Bitte！”纳粹德国的身份和认同
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
J. Caplan
中科院分区：
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作者：
J. Caplan
众所周知，在纳粹德国，谁是谁是一个生死攸关的问题，由强加于“种族”和社会群体的集体身份所支配，特别是纽伦堡法律（1935年）强加所谓的种族身份或关于监督“吉普赛人”或罪犯的社会类别的规定。显然，任何群体身份或类别都是由许多人组成的，他们个人是身份和身份的主体，在实践中是警察和执法的目标;任何执法系统都只有在它所依赖的个人记录的情况下才是完整的。虽然在纳粹德国身份等式的分类方面已经以各种方式进行了探索，但除了“犹太人”的身份之外，个人身份和身份是如何建立和管理的问题相对较少受到关注。即使我们超越集体系统，如人口普查或统计数据收集，这些系统受到了最大的关注，数字和记录和分类的技术也比构成个人与当局之间直接界面的文件和警务得到了更多的研究。
Who was who in Nazi Germany was notoriously a matter of life and death, governed by the collective identities imposed on ‘racial’ and social groups, notably the Nuremberg laws (1935) imposing so-called racial identities or the regulations on policing the social categories of ‘gypsies’ or criminals. Obviously any group identity or category is composed of numerous people who are individually the subjects of identity and identification and who are in practice the target of policing and enforcement; and any system of enforcement is only as complete as the individual records on which it relies. While the categorical side of the identity equation in Nazi Germany has been explored in various ways, the question of how individual identity and identification were established and policed has attracted comparatively less notice, other than in the case of the identification of ‘Jews’. Even if we look beyond collective systems like the population census or the collection of statistics, which have received the lion’s share of attention, numbers and the technologies of recording and classification have been studied more than the papers and policing that constituted the direct interface between the individual and the authorities.1