The social behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos - empirical evidence and shifting assumptions
The social behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos - empirical evidence and shifting assumptions
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DOI：
10.1086/204757
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发表时间：
1998-08-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Stanford, CB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stanford, CB
作为人类现存的近亲，黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩被广泛用作早期原始人行为的模型。近年来，随着有关黑猩猩社会行为和生态的信息被曝光，人们进行了许多种间比较。黑猩猩的特点是族群间的战争、吃肉、杀婴、食人、争取雄性地位以及对雌性的统治。与此同时，矮黑猩猩被描绘成“做爱，而不是战争”的类人猿，其特征是女性分享权力，在个人或群体之间没有攻击性，在不受狭窄生育窗口限制的情况下发生丰富的性行为，并将性行为用于交流目的。本文评估了这种二分法的证据，并认为这两种类人猿的对比刻画已经形成的原因。虽然这两个物种在社会行为上存在显著差异，但我认为它们的行为比大多数描述所暗示的更相似。我讨论了当前对黑猩猩和黑猩猩社会的看法可能与现场数据不太相符的几个原因。其中包括对圈养黑猩猩数据的偏见，将矮黑猩猩视为起源的倾向，因为对它们行为的描述比黑猩猩更晚，以及对黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩差异的解释可能反映了人类的性别差异。
As our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos have been widely used as models of the behavior of early hominids. In recent years, as information on the social behavior and ecology of bonobos has come to light, many interspecific comparisons have been made. Chimpanzees have been characterized in terms of their intercommunity warfare, meat eating, infanticide, cannibalism, male status-striving, and dominance over females. Bonobos, meanwhile, have been portrayed as the "Make love, not war" ape, characterized by female power-sharing, a lack of aggression between either individuals or groups, richly elaborated sexual behavior that occurs without the constraint of a narrow window of fertility, and the use of sex for communicative purposes. This paper evaluates the evidence for this dichotomy and considers the reasons that contrasting portrayals of the two great apes have developed. While there are marked differences in social behavior between these two species, I argue that they are more similar behaviorally than most accounts have suggested. I discuss several reasons that current Views of bonobo and chimpanzee societies may not accord well with field data. Among these are a bias toward captive data on bonobos, the tendency to see bonobos as derived because their behavior has been described more recently than that of chimpanzees, and the possibility that interpretations of bonobo-chimpanzee differences are reflections of human male-female differences.