Buchenwald-Sukzession nach Windwurf auf Zechstein-Standorten des südwestlichen Harzvorlandes
Buchenwald-Sukzession nach Windwurf auf Zechstein-Standorten des südwestlichen Harzvorlandes
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布痕瓦尔德集中营 - 苏克泽西翁 (Windwurf auf Zechstein-Standorten des südwestlichen Harzvorlandes)
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发表时间：
2005
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Schmidt
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作者：
T. Kompa;W. Schmidt
孔帕,t;施密特，W.：德国下萨克森州南部哈茨山麓的石膏岩溶和白云岩上的风吹山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）森林的植物演替。-海西尼亚N.F. 38(2005): 233-261。在1997年当地的一次夏季风暴之后，1998年至2001年，在哈茨山脉（下萨克森州南部）丘陵地带富碱性的Zechstein土壤（石膏岩溶、白云岩石灰岩）上，对风吹山毛榉林分（Carici- Fagetum、Hordelymo-Fagetum）的植物演替进行了研究。讨论了这些未管理林分在自然再造林期间的植被发育，相对于初始扰动在浅层和深层土壤上的强度（比较了未开垦林分、空隙和大面积开垦林分）。物种多样性在前3年呈上升趋势，随后呈下降趋势。自然更新处处以顶极幼木树种为主，以精干曲柳（Fraxinus excelsior）、山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）、假扁桃槭（pseudoplatanus）为主，先锋树很少出现。自然更新的种群密度非常高，对干扰的严重程度没有明显的依赖性。经过四年的演替，除了那些广泛分布在浅石膏喀斯特上的林分外，所有林分的特征都是以前森林地面植被的物种占优势。在空隙中——在深层土壤中，也在大规模风吹的条件下——这些森林与母国相比，保持着惊人的植物群相似性。功能类群的发展分析（定量光谱）证实了这一演替斑块的存在，这些类群的比例恒定，是槲科-法格茶群落的典型特征。浅石膏岩溶上大面积抛落的林分（多为carci - fagetum）表现出另一条演替路径。在这里，先锋植被迅速增长，并成为部分优势。这些林分的典型种群有：叶子蒿、蒿属、先锋灌木、散种、种子库存留时间长（50 ~ 5年）的种群和光指示种。但即使在这里，森林地面物种也在先锋植被下多年生，并保持不变或部分增加绝对覆盖率。典型的Querco-Fageta物种在竞争中毫无优势。所以，这些富含碱基的山毛榉林对自然干扰表现出非常强的适应性。与哈茨山麓的其他风吹山毛榉林的比较显示了自然再生的场地依赖梯度。基材含盐量越高，自然再造林就越不受严重的外部干扰。1. 基础丰富的深层土壤（如Hordelymo-Fagetum）：森林地面物种和顶极树木的自然更新占主导地位，独立于干扰的严重程度。2. 碱基丰富的浅层土壤（如Carici-Fagetum）：林隙再生非常迅速，变化不大，大面积砍伐的林分再生速度较慢，并被越来越多的先锋植被覆盖。3. 酸性土壤（如Galio odorati-， Luzulo-Fagetum）：更新很大程度上取决于干扰的严重程度，林分受到的干扰越多，更新进行得越慢，先锋植被成为主导。马赛克循环概念（Remmert 1985, 1987, 1991）中所假设的完全物种变化，对于处于最佳阶段的中欧山毛榉林来说，还不能得到证实。这些森林群落的演替不涉及主要物种的变化，而是剩余物种优势度的时间变化。关键词：富基山毛榉林分，山毛榉，哈尔茨山麓，自然再造林，植物演替，风阻
Kompa, T.; Schmidt, W.: Plant succession in windthrown beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) forests on gypsum karst and dolomitic limestone in the Harz Mountain foothills of southern Lower Saxony, Germany. – Hercynia N.F. 38 (2005): 233–261. Following a local summer storm in 1997, plant succession in windthrown beech forest stands (Carici- Fagetum, Hordelymo-Fagetum) on base-rich Zechstein soils (gypsum karst, dolomitic limestone) in the foothills of the Harz Mountains (southern Lower Saxony) were studied on permanent plots from 1998 through 2001. Vegetation development during natural reforestation of these unmanaged stands is discussed relative to intensity of initial disturbance on shallow vs. deep soils (compared are unthrown stands, gaps and extensively thrown stands). The species diversity increased throughout the first three years, but then declined. The natural regeneration was everywhere dominated by young climax tree species (first of all Fraxinus excelsior , Fagus sylvatica , Acer pseudoplatanus ) while pioneer trees hardly occur. The population density of natural regeneration was very high and doesn´t show a distinct dependence on the severity of disturbance. After four years of succession, all stands except those extensively thrown on shallow gypsum karst are characterised by the dominance of species of the former forest floor vegetation. In gaps - on deep soils also under conditions of large-scale windthrow - these forest stands keep an astonishing floristic similarity compared to the parent state. The analyzed development of functional species groups (quantitative spectra) confirms this successional patch by constant percentual shares of such groups that are typical for Querco-Fagetea communities. Extensively thrown stands on shallow gypsum karst (mostly Carici-Fagetum) showed another successional pathway. Here, pioneer vegetation increased rapidly and became partly dominant. Typical species groups of these stands are e.g. Epilobietea, Artemisietea, pioneer shrubs, endozoochor dispersed species, species with long time persistent seed bank (>5 years) and light indicating species. But even here the forest floor species perennate under the pioneer vegetation and keep constant or partly increasing absolute coverages. The typical Querco-Fageta species are nowhere outcompeted. So, these base-rich beech stands show a very resilient response to natural disturbance. A comparison with other windthrown beech stands in the Harz Mountain foothills shows a site-dependent gradient of natural regeneration. The more base-rich the substrate, the more independently from severe extrorse disturbance natural reforestation proceeds. 1. Base-rich, deep soils (e.g. Hordelymo-Fagetum): forest floor species and natural regeneration of the climax trees dominate independently from the severity of disturbance. 2. Base-rich, shallow soils (e.g. Carici-Fagetum): gaps regenerate very rapidly and don´t change significantly, extensively thrown stands regenerate more slowly and are covered by increasing pioneer vegetation. 3. Acidic soils (e.g. Galio odorati-, Luzulo-Fagetum): regeneration depends strongly on the severity of disturbance, the more the stand is disturbed, the more slowly the regeneration proceeds and pioneer vegetation becomes dominant. A complete species-change as it is postulated in the mosaic-cycle-concept (Remmert 1985, 1987, 1991) can´t be confirmed for Central European beech forests which are in their optimal phase. Succession in these forest communities doesn´t involve major species changes but rather temporal changes of dominance of residual species. Key words: base-rich beech forest stands, Fagus sylvatica , Harz Mountain foothills, natural reforestation, plant succession, windthrow