Food insecurity has economic root causes.
Food insecurity has economic root causes.
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DOI：
10.1038/s43016-022-00577-w
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
23.2
通讯作者：
Drewnowski, Adam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Drewnowski, Adam
对编辑来说，粮食不安全是健康状况不佳的一个预测因素。粮食不安全是政策决定的后果吗？是的，在某种程度上。粮食无保障与低工资、不利的社会和经济条件、获得健康食品的机会有限、居住隔离、缺乏负担得起的住房和邻里不利的多种指数有关。2019冠状病毒病大流行揭示并强调了粮食不安全方面的巨大种族、民族、经济甚至地理差异。今年，美国国会授权白宫召开一次关于粮食、营养、饥饿和健康的会议，以引发全国性的讨论，探讨粮食不安全的根源和社会决定因素，以及卫生领域不断加深的社会经济分歧。根据美国农业部（USDA）2的定义，粮食安全有两个重要组成部分。粮食安全程度低的定义是饮食质量、种类或可取性降低。买不起平衡膳食是一个明显的迹象，但几乎没有迹象表明吃得少。粮食安全程度很低，以前被称为“饥饿导致的粮食不安全”，与有限的粮食预算、不吃饭和限制热量的饮食有关。因为没有足够的钱买食物而挨饿或吃得更少是明显的迹象。人们认为，粮食安全程度极低是一种比无法获得营养食品更为严重和削弱能力的状况。粮食不安全的根源是经济性的。美国农业部估计，全国粮食不安全的发生率为11.1%，约为9个家庭中的1个。大约每25户家庭中就有1户的粮食安全程度很低。同样的数据也显示了社会差距，表明粮食不安全在低收入州更严重，影响到四分之一的女户主家庭和三分之一生活在联邦贫困线以下的家庭。我们在华盛顿4-6州连续进行的WAFOOD调查同样指出，教育、收入和种族/民族在粮食不安全率方面存在多重差异。WAFOOD的样本大多是女性，大多数收入较低，包括许多食品工业的一线工人和有孩子的单亲父母。根据美国农业部六项粮食安全等级2，13%的WAFOOD家庭报告粮食安全程度低，另有17%的家庭报告粮食安全程度非常低。这一弱势群体的估计30%的比率远远高于全国平均水平3。与国家数据相一致的是，贫困家庭、有子女的单亲家庭和有色人种社区的粮食不安全率较高。在食品服务业和因COVID-19而失业的受访者中，食品不安全程度较高。农村地区也受到影响。生活经验的报告指出了经济条件的因果性质。支付房租和食物是粮食无保障家庭最关心的经济问题6。食品价格高企和不断上涨是人们最常提到的妨碍采用更健康饮食的障碍。粮食无保障的家庭在粮食上的支出减少，报告说饮食质量差且不断恶化，获得肉类、新鲜蔬菜和新鲜水果的机会更有限。粮食不安全与肥胖、糖尿病、哮喘和其他慢性病的发病率较高有关。食物不安全的受访者报告了更多的压力、焦虑和抑郁。住房不安全可能是健康状况不佳的另一个预测因素。住房无保障仍然没有一个标准的定义，它与高租金收入比、低于标准的住房、过度拥挤和频繁搬家有关。住房不安全也与居住隔离、住房所有权差距和不平等有关.
To the Editor—Food insecurity is one predictor of ill health. Is food insecurity a consequence of policy decisions? Yes, in a way. Food insecurity has been linked to low wages, adverse social and economic conditions, limited access to healthy foods, residential segregation, lack of affordable housing and multiple indices of neighbourhood disadvantage. Huge racial, ethnic, economic and even geographic disparities in food insecurity were revealed and underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic. This year, the US Congress has authorized the White House to call a conference on food, nutrition, hunger and health 1 to spark a national discussion of the root causes and social determinants of food insecurity, and the deepening socioeconomic divisions in health. As defined by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2, food security has two important components. Low food security is defined by reduced quality, variety or desirability of the diet. Not being able to afford balanced meals is one telling sign—but there is little indication of eating less. Very low food security, previously called ‘food insecurity with hunger’, is associated with limited food budgets, skipped meals and calorie-restricted diets. Going hungry or eating less because there wasn’t enough money for food are the telling signs. Very low food security is viewed as a more severe and debilitating condition than uncertain access to nutritious foods. Food insecurity has root causes that are economic in nature. The USDA has estimated the national prevalence of food insecurity at 11.1% or approximately 1 in 9 households 3. Approximately 1 in 25 households experienced very low food security. The same data pointed to social disparities, showing that food insecurity was higher in lower-income states, affected 1 in 4 female-headed households and 1 in every 3 households living below the federal poverty level. Our successive WAFOOD surveys in Washington state 4–6 likewise pointed to multifold differences in food insecurity rates by education, income and race/ethnicity. The WAFOOD sample was mostly female, mostly lower income, and included many front-line workers in food industries and single parents with children. Based on the USDA six-item food security scale 2, 13% of WAFOOD households reported low food security and a further 17% reported very low food security. The estimated 30% rate among this vulnerable group was much higher than the national average 3. Consistent with national data, higher rates of food insecurity were seen among households living in poverty, single parents with children and communities of colour. Higher levels of food insecurity were seen among respondents in food-based services and those who had lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Rural counties were affected as well. Reports of lived experience pointed to the causal nature of economic conditions. Paying for rent and food were the top financial concerns of food-insecure households 6. High and rising food prices were the most frequently cited barriers to adopting healthier diets. Food-insecure households spent less on food, reporting poor and worsening diet quality and more limited access to meat, fresh vegetables and fresh fruit 5. Food insecurity was linked to higher rates of obesity, diabetes, asthma and other chronic conditions. Food-insecure respondents reported more stress, anxiety and depression.Housing insecurity may be another predictor of ill health. Still without a standard definition, housing insecurity is linked to high rent-to-income ratios, substandard housing, overcrowding and frequent moves 7. Housing insecurity is also linked to residential segregation, disparities in home ownership and inequalities …
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Moudon AV;Cook AJ;Ulmer J;Hurvitz PM;Drewnowski A
通讯作者：
Drewnowski A
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Drewnowski, Adam;Aggarwal, Anju;Moudon, Anne V
通讯作者：
Moudon, Anne V