The Importance of Challenge for the Enjoyment of Intrinsically Motivated, Goal-Directed Activities
The Importance of Challenge for the Enjoyment of Intrinsically Motivated, Goal-Directed Activities
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DOI：
10.1177/0146167211427147
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发表时间：
2012-03-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Abuhamdeh, Sami;Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly
虽然早期基于访谈的对内在动机的、目标导向的活动(例如，国际象棋、攀岩、艺术创作)的乐趣的分析表明，相对困难、“最佳”的挑战是重要的，但随后从更广泛的活动中得出的结果并没有为这一命题提供一致的支持。为了阐明挑战和享受之间的关系，我们进行了两项研究。研究一集中于一项单一的活动--网络象棋。挑战的重要性在主观层面(感知到的挑战强烈预示着享受)以及客观层面(与优势对手的比赛比与劣势对手的比赛更愉快，势均力敌的比赛比井喷更愉快)都是显而易见的。在研究2中，采用经验抽样法考察了在各种日常活动中对挑战的享受。活动动机(内在动机、非内在动机)和活动类型(目标导向、非目标导向)调节了这种关系。讨论了内在动机理论的含义。
Although early interview-based analyses of the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities (e.g., chess, rock climbing, art making) suggested the importance of relatively difficult, "optimal" challenges, subsequent findings derived from a wider range of activities have not provided consistent support for this proposition. Two studies were conducted to clarify the relation between challenge and enjoyment. Study 1 focused on a single activity-Internet chess. The importance of challenge was evident at the subjective level (perceived challenge strongly predicted enjoyment) as well as the objective level (games against superior opponents were more enjoyable than games against inferior opponents, and close games were more enjoyable than blowouts). In Study 2, the experience sampling method was used to examine the enjoyment of challenge across a wide range of everyday activities. Activity motivation (intrinsically motivated, non-intrinsically motivated) and activity type (goal directed, non-goal directed) moderated the relation. Implications for theories of intrinsic motivation are discussed.