Progress of the world’s women 2015–2016: Transforming economies, realizing rights
Progress of the world’s women 2015–2016: Transforming economies, realizing rights
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2015-2016 年世界妇女的进步：经济转型、实现权利
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
G. Sen
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文献类型：
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作者：
G. Sen
正如妇女组织和社会运动所熟知的那样，妇女权利作为人权的具体承认只发生在1993年的《维也纳人权宣言》中，这距离世界各国政府确认《世界人权宣言》整整45年。《维也纳宣言》帕拉第18段明确承认妇女和女孩的人权，阿利亚是她们的充分和平等参与，消除歧视，并谴责基于性别的暴力是对人权的侵犯。如果没有女权主义倡导者和活动家的有力和明确的宣传，这种承认可能不得不等待更多的年甚至几十年。在维也纳作出的肯定还值得注意的是，它发生在1990年代初，当时正值新自由主义全球化的全盛时期，是进一步承认妇女人权的一系列活动的一部分，最引人注目的是1994年在开罗举行的联合国国际人口与发展会议（人发会议）和1995年在北京举行的第四次妇女问题世界会议。从一开始，加强包容性的趋势，实际上是人权的普遍化，就与全球化的强大经济和政治力量相对立。沃尔芬森担任世界银行行长（1995-2005年）意味着，一个支持两性平等和妇女人权的自由主义者，执掌着世界上新自由主义议程的主要机构推动者之一。在随后的几年里，世界银行努力证明性别平等可以有助于提高经济增长率：简而言之，“聪明的经济学”，其分析通常绕过财政紧缩、劳动权利减少、不受约束的私有化和新自由主义对妇女提出的相关政策等困难挑战。世界银行始终不承认妇女人权的内在重要性，也许是因为承认这一点会给新自由主义议程本身带来挑战。只有在2008年危机的深度和深远后果重新引发了长期存在的关于
As is well known to women’s organizations and social movements, specific recognition of women’s rights as human rights only occurred with the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights in 1993, a full 45 years after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was affirmed by the world’s governments. Para 18 of the Vienna Declaration explicitly recognized the human rights of women and girls, and inter alia, their full and equal participation, the eradication of discrimination and abjured gender-based violence as a violation of human rights. Without strong and articulate advocacy by feminist advocates and activists, this recognition would probably have had to wait for more years or perhaps even decades. What was also remarkable about the affirmation in Vienna was that it happened in the early 1990s during the heyday of neoliberal globalization and was part of a chain of further recognition of women’s human rights, most notably at the UN International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994, and at the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) in Beijing in 1995. From the beginning, the trend towards greater inclusiveness, indeed universalization of human rights, was pitted against the powerful economic and political forces of globalization.1 Nowhere has this been clearer than in the way that global institutions have dealt with women’s human rights. The Wolfensohn presidency (1995–2005) at the World Bank meant that a liberal supporter of gender equality and women’s human rights was at the helm of one of the world’s main institutional promoters of the neoliberal agenda. In the years that followed, the World Bank tried hard to prove that gender equality can be instrumental to higher economic growth rates: ‘smart economics’ in short, whose analysis typically bypassed the difficult challenges of fiscal austerity, diminution of labour rights, unfettered privatization and related policies that neoliberalism poses for women. The intrinsic importance of women’s human rights was stubbornly not recognized by the World Bank, perhaps because of the challenges such a recognition would pose for the neoliberal agenda itself. A limited break with this approach came only after the depth and far-reaching consequences of the crisis of 2008 renewed the long-standing disputes over