Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States
Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States
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DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001
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发表时间：
2013-09-15
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Wuertz, Stefan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
McBride, Graham B.;Stott, Rebecca;Wuertz, Stefan
这项研究首次报告了对令人关注的雨水排放中检测到的病原体进行定量微生物风险评估(QMRA)，而不是依赖于接收水中的病原体测量。病原体浓度包括美国环保局确定的七种“参考病原体”：隐孢子虫、贾第虫、沙门氏菌、诺如病毒、轮状病毒、肠道病毒和腺病毒。数据来自代表七种排放类型(包括住宅、商业/工业径流、农业径流、混合下水道溢流和林地)的12个站点，主要在潮湿天气条件下收集，在此期间人类健康风险可能大幅上升。因此，这里计算的风险一般适用于短期条件(降雨事件期间和之后)，因此水资源管理者可以使用这些结果来潜在地告知公众，即使是对于符合当前标准的水域(因为它们是基于30天平均风险)。以水体和混合源为例，在QMRA模型中使用病原体浓度来生成成人和儿童初次和二次接触(或吸入)水的风险概况。围绕QMRA分析的一些关键假设和考虑因素被强调，特别是在这个项目期间在排放中测量的病原体浓度与在公布的剂量反应临床试验中测量的(使用不同的方法)相协调。诺沃克病毒是最主要的预测健康风险，尽管对其疾病剂量反应的进一步研究(参见。感染)是必需的。即使病原体的混合来源浓度降低了30倍(通过灭活和混合)，预测的游泳相关发病率-主要由诺沃克病毒感染-仍然可以察觉到。轮状病毒通常在被测试的病原体中引起的风险第二高，而其他参考病原体(贾第虫、隐孢子虫、腺病毒、肠道病毒和沙门氏菌)的风险要低得多。与初次接触相比，二次接触或吸入可显著降低风险。诺如病毒的测量和将其浓度仔细纳入风险模型(协调)应是未来QMRA工作的关键考虑因素。本文提出的基于排放的QMRA方法尤其适用于在具有与人类健康影响相关的检测限度的接收水中不能可靠地检测到病原体的情况。(C)2013爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
This study is the first to report a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) on pathogens detected in stormwater discharges-of-concern, rather than relying on pathogen measurements in receiving waters. The pathogen concentrations include seven "Reference Pathogens" identified by the U.S. EPA: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Enterovirus, and Adenovirus. Data were collected from 12 sites representative of seven discharge types (including residential, commercial/industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, combined sewer overflows, and forested land), mainly during wet weather conditions during which times human health risks can be substantially elevated. The risks calculated herein therefore generally apply to short-term conditions (during and just after rainfall events) and so the results can be used by water managers to potentially inform the public, even for waters that comply with current criteria (based as they are on a 30-day mean risk). Using an example waterbody and mixed source, pathogen concentrations were used in QMRA models to generate risk profiles for primary and secondary water contact (or inhalation) by adults and children. A number of critical assumptions and considerations around the QMRA analysis are highlighted, particularly the harmonization of the pathogen concentrations measured in discharges during this project with those measured (using different methods) during the published dose-response clinical trials. Norovirus was the most dominant predicted health risk, though further research on its dose response for illness (cf. infection) is needed. Even if the example mixed-source concentrations of pathogens had been reduced 30 times (by inactivation and mixing), the predicted swimming-associated illness rates - largely driven by Norovirus infections - can still be appreciable. Rotavirus generally induced the second-highest incidence of risk among the tested pathogens while risks for the other Reference Pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Adenovirus, Enterovirus and Salmonella) were considerably lower. Secondary contact or inhalation resulted in considerable reductions in risk compared to primary contact. Measurements of Norovirus and careful incorporation of its concentrations into risk models (harmonization) should be a critical consideration for future QMRA efforts. The discharge-based QMRA approach presented herein is particularly relevant to cases where pathogens cannot be reliably detected in receiving waters with detection limits relevant to human health effects. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.