How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: A two-stage framework
How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: A two-stage framework
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.010
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发表时间：
2012-08-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Nicolas, Serge
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guida, Alessandro;Gobet, Fernand;Nicolas, Serge
我们回顾了专家对PET和fMRI神经成像和专业知识获取的研究，发现在与工作记忆相关的任务中有两种明显不一致的模式。当专家参与进来时，研究表明，在长期记忆任务中，新手没有观察到的大脑区域通常会被激活，这一结果与大脑功能重组是一致的。相比之下，当涉及新手和培训项目时，研究表明，在工作记忆任务中通常激活的大脑区域减少，没有功能重组。我们认为，后一种结果是练习时间的结果，不允许完全获得重要的结构：知识结构(即，Ericsson和Kintsch的检索结构；Gobet和Simon的模板)，以及较少的方式，块。这些结构使个人能够使用部分长期记忆作为工作记忆，从而导致大脑功能重组，从而提高他们在工作记忆任务中的表现。我们的假设是，文献中观察到的两种脑激活模式并不是不一致的，而是在两个阶段涉及相同的专业知识获得过程：从激活减少到脑功能重组。这两个生理阶段的动态依赖于上述两个心理结构：组块和知识结构。(C)2012 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
Our review of research on PET and fMRI neuroimaging of experts and expertise acquisition reveals two apparently discordant patterns in working-memory-related tasks. When experts are involved, studies show activations in brain regions typically activated during long-term memory tasks that are not observed with novices, a result that is compatible with functional brain reorganization. By contrast, when involving novices and training programs, studies show a decrease in brain regions typically activated during working memory tasks, with no functional reorganization. We suggest that the latter result is a consequence of practice periods that do not allow important structures to be completely acquired: knowledge structures (i.e., Ericsson and Kintsch's retrieval structures; Gobet and Simon's templates) and in a lesser way, chunks. These structures allow individuals to improve performance on working-memory tasks, by enabling them to use part of long-term memory as working memory, causing a cerebral functional reorganization. Our hypothesis is that the two brain activation patterns observed in the literature are not discordant, but involve the same process of expertise acquisition in two stages: from decreased activation to brain functional reorganization. The dynamic of these two physiological stages depend on the two above-mentioned psychological constructs: chunks and knowledge structures. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.