Nutrient addition drives declines in grassland species richness primarily via enhanced species loss
Nutrient addition drives declines in grassland species richness primarily via enhanced species loss
复制标题
养分添加主要通过物种损失加剧导致草原物种丰富度下降
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.14038
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Borer, Elizabeth T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Muehleisen, Andrew J.;Watkins, Carmen R. E.;Altmire, Gabriella R.;Shaw, E. Ashley;Case, Madelon F.;Aoyama, Lina;Brambila, Alejandro;Reed, Paul B.;LaForgia, Marina;Borer, Elizabeth T.
由于养分的增加，草原多样性的下降是全球变化的普遍后果。物种丰富度的下降可能是由在不同时间尺度上运行的多个潜在过程推动的。营养物质的添加可以通过竞争排除来增加局部灭绝的速度，或者通过限制能够在新条件下定居的物种的池来降低殖民速度，从而减少多样性。将净变化划分为灭绝和定殖率将更好地描述全球变化对草原的长期影响。我们在30个草原上综合了氮、磷、钾和微量营养素的试验施肥对丰富度的影响。我们量化了在8-10 年的养分添加期间局部丰富度、定居和灭绝的变化，并将这些速率与对照条件进行比较，以将养分添加的影响与背景动态分开。在对照样地中，稳态总丰富度是相等的、相对较高的局部定居和灭绝速率的总和。总体而言，最初的物种损失了30%-35%，而相同比例的新物种在十年内至少增加了一次。绝对周转量随着立地层次丰富度的增加而增加，但相对开始丰富度而言，低丰富度立地的比例更大。随着营养的增加，总丰富度的损失，特别是N与P或K的组合，是由更快的灭绝速度驱动的，而减少的定居对总丰富度的影响较小。在本地物种、多年生植物和杂草中，物种灭绝加剧和定居减少的现象不成比例。在营养添加后的头几年(<；5)之后，移居率下降到平台期，而在前十年继续加强灭绝。我们的结果表明，周围群落的丰富性背后有很高的殖民率和灭绝率，营养增强主要通过排除先前建立的物种而导致多样性的整体下降。此外，在很长的时间尺度上，加剧的灭绝仍在继续，这表明群落需要持续的、长期的反应，需要进行长期研究，以充分认识到营养增加对草原组成的灭绝影响。
Declines in grassland diversity in response to nutrient addition are a general consequence of global change. This decline in species richness may be driven by multiple underlying processes operating at different time‐scales. Nutrient addition can reduce diversity by enhancing the rate of local extinction via competitive exclusion, or by reducing the rate of colonization by constraining the pool of species able to colonize under new conditions. Partitioning net change into extinction and colonization rates will better delineate the long‐term effect of global change in grasslands.We synthesized changes in richness in response to experimental fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with micronutrients across 30 grasslands. We quantified changes in local richness, colonization, and extinction over 8–10 years of nutrient addition, and compared these rates against control conditions to isolate the effect of nutrient addition from background dynamics.Total richness at steady state in the control plots was the sum of equal, relatively high rates of local colonization and extinction. On aggregate, 30%–35% of initial species were lost and the same proportion of new species were gained at least once over a decade. Absolute turnover increased with site‐level richness but was proportionately greater at lower‐richness sites relative to starting richness. Loss of total richness with nutrient addition, especially N in combination with P or K, was driven by enhanced rates of extinction with a smaller contribution from reduced colonization. Enhanced extinction and reduced colonization were disproportionately among native species, perennials, and forbs. Reduced colonization plateaued after the first few (<5) years after nutrient addition, while enhanced extinction continued throughout the first decade.Synthesis. Our results indicate a high rate of colonizations and extinctions underlying the richness of ambient communities and that nutrient enhancement drives overall declines in diversity primarily by exclusion of previously established species. Moreover, enhanced extinction continues over long time‐scales, suggesting continuous, long‐term community responses and a need for long‐term study to fully realize the extinction impact of increased nutrients on grassland composition.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2023718118
发表时间：
2021-07
期刊：
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Tognetti;S. Prober;S. Báez;E. Chaneton;J. Firn;A. Risch;M. Schuetz;Anna K. Simonsen;L. Yahdjian;E. Borer;E. Seabloom;C. Arnillas;J. Bakker;Cynthia S. Brown;M. Cadotte;M. Caldeira;P. Daleo;J. Dwyer;P. Fay;L. Gherardi;N. Hagenah;Y. Hautier;K. Komatsu;R. McCulley;J. Price;R. Standish;C. Stevens;P. D. Wragg;M. Sankaran
通讯作者：
P. Tognetti;S. Prober;S. Báez;E. Chaneton;J. Firn;A. Risch;M. Schuetz;Anna K. Simonsen;L. Yahdjian;E. Borer;E. Seabloom;C. Arnillas;J. Bakker;Cynthia S. Brown;M. Cadotte;M. Caldeira;P. Daleo;J. Dwyer;P. Fay;L. Gherardi;N. Hagenah;Y. Hautier;K. Komatsu;R. McCulley;J. Price;R. Standish;C. Stevens;P. D. Wragg;M. Sankaran
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Avolio, Meghan L.;Carroll, Ian T.;Wilcox, Kevin R.
通讯作者：
Wilcox, Kevin R.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Field, Chris D.;Dise, Nancy B.;Caporn, Simon J. M.
通讯作者：
Caporn, Simon J. M.