Occurrence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Finished Drinking Water and Fate during Drinking Water Treatment
Occurrence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Finished Drinking Water and Fate during Drinking Water Treatment
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00081
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发表时间：
2017-05-01
影响因子：
10.9
通讯作者：
LeFevre, Gregory H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klarich, Kathryn L.;Pflug, Nicholas C.;LeFevre, Gregory H.
新烟碱类杀虫剂广泛存在于美国中西部农业密集区的地表水中。我们首次报告了三种新烟碱类化合物在成品饮用水中的存在，并证明了它们在常规水处理过程中的普遍持久性。在种植玉米/大豆后，爱荷华大学在2016年(5月，7月)超过7周的时间里定期采集自来水样本。在0.24至57.3 ng/L的浓度范围内，在成品水样中普遍检测到氯硫磷、吡虫啉和甲氧西林，沿爱荷华大学处理列车收集的样品表明，氯硫醚或吡虫啉没有明显的去除，但甲氧西林的去除幅度不大(类似于50%)。相比之下，爱荷华市处理设施中使用颗粒活性碳(GAC)过滤的成品水中所有新烟碱的浓度都要低得多。批量实验调查了潜在的损失。甲氧西林的损失是由于石灰软化过程中高pH条件下的碱催化水解造成的。GAC迅速且几乎完全清除了所有三种新烟碱。氯硫醚很容易与游离氯反应，在氯化过程中可能至少发生部分转化。我们的工作为新烟碱类化合物的持久性及其在水处理和分配过程中转化的潜力提供了新的见解，同时也确定了GAC作为一种潜在的有效管理工具来降低成品饮用水中的新烟碱类化合物浓度。
Neonicotinoid insecticides are widespread in surface waters across the agriculturally intensive Midwestern United States. We report for the first time the presence of three neonicotinoids in finished drinking water and demonstrate their general persistence during conventional water treatment. Periodic tap water grab samples were collected at the University of Iowa over 7 weeks in 2016 (May July) after maize/soy planting. Clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were ubiquitously detected in finished water samples at concentrations ranging from 0.24 to 57.3 ng/L. Samples collected along the University of Iowa treatment train indicate no apparent removal of clothianidin or imidacloprid, with modest thiamethoxam removal (similar to 50%). In contrast, the concentrations of all neonicotinoids were substantially lower in the Iowa City treatment facility finished water using granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Batch experiments investigated potential losses. Thiamethoxam losses are due to base-catalyzed hydrolysis under high-pH conditions during lime softening. GAC rapidly and nearly completely removed all three neonicotinoids. Clothianidin is susceptible to reaction with free chlorine and may undergo at least partial transformation during chlorination. Our work provides new insights into the persistence of neonicotinoids and their potential for transformation during water treatment and distribution, while also identifying GAC as a potentially effective management tool for decreasing neonicotinoid concentrations in finished drinking water.