The evolution of phenotypic plasticity when environments fluctuate in time and space
The evolution of phenotypic plasticity when environments fluctuate in time and space
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DOI：
10.1002/evl3.100
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发表时间：
2019-02-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Hadfield, Jarrod D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
King, Jessica G.;Hadfield, Jarrod D.
大多数理论研究都探索了当环境以及最优性状值在时间或空间上变化时可塑性的演变。当环境在时间和空间上变化时，我们证明了对马尔可夫时间波动的遗传适应取决于环境中的代际自相关，就像遗传对空间波动的适应取决于亲缘关系的概率一样。这是因为两者都衡量了亲子环境中的相关性，因此也衡量了遗传反应对选择的有效性。如果在一个维度(例如，空间)上对选择作出遗传反应的能力更强，那么可塑性主要是随着另一个维度(例如，时间)的波动而进化的。如果发育环境和选择环境之间的关系在时间和空间上是相同的，那么对时间波动的进化可塑性反应在空间环境中是有用的，空间上的遗传分化被减少。然而，如果发展环境和选择环境之间的关系不同，那么在这两个维度上，最优可塑性水平是不同的。在这种情况下，为应对时间波动而进化的塑性反应实际上可能在空间上不适应，导致超塑性或负塑性的进化。这些影响可以通过空间遗传分化来缓解，空间遗传分化与可塑性相反，导致逆梯度变异。这些结果突显了在经验工作中进行空间换时间替代的困难，但确定了需要测量的关键参数，以测试空间换时间替代是否可能有效。
Most theoretical studies have explored the evolution of plasticity when the environment, and therefore the optimal trait value, varies in time or space. When the environment varies in time and space, we show that genetic adaptation to Markovian temporal fluctuations depends on the between-generation autocorrelation in the environment in exactly the same way that genetic adaptation to spatial fluctuations depends on the probability of philopatry. This is because both measure the correlation in parent-offspring environments and therefore the effectiveness of a genetic response to selection. If the capacity to genetically respond to selection is stronger in one dimension (e.g., space), then plasticity mainly evolves in response to fluctuations in the other dimension (e.g., time). If the relationships between the environments of development and selection are the same in time and space, the evolved plastic response to temporal fluctuations is useful in a spatial context and genetic differentiation in space is reduced. However, if the relationships between the environments of development and selection are different, the optimal level of plasticity is different in the two dimensions. In this case, the plastic response that evolves to cope with temporal fluctuations may actually be maladaptive in space, resulting in the evolution of hyperplasticity or negative plasticity. These effects can be mitigated by spatial genetic differentiation that acts in opposition to plasticity resulting in counter-gradient variation. These results highlight the difficulty of making space-for-time substitutions in empirical work but identify the key parameters that need to be measured in order to test whether space-for-time substitutions are likely to bevalid.