Wood-based biomass energy development for Sub-Saharan Africa : issues and approaches
Wood-based biomass energy development for Sub-Saharan Africa : issues and approaches
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DOI：
10.1596/26149
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发表时间：
2011-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Klas Sander;Besnik Hyseni;S. Haider
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klas Sander;Besnik Hyseni;S. Haider
世界上近一半的人口和大约81%的撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）家庭依靠基于木材的生物质能源（燃料木材和木炭）做饭。这种依赖程度远远超过任何其他区域。虽然中国、印度和许多发展中国家的生物质燃料使用量已经达到或将在不久的将来达到顶峰，但撒哈拉以南非洲的消费量将保持在非常高的水平，甚至在未来几十年内还会增长。人口增长，加上强劲的城市化动力和替代燃料的相对价格变化，抵消了过去十年在能源供应、农村和城市电气化、离网能源开发和推广替代能源方面的重大投资所取得的重要成就。随着经济的不断发展，对能源的需求也在增加，消费者依赖于更广泛的能源组合来满足不断增长的能源需求。虽然需要电力和其他能源来满足随着经济发展而出现的额外能源需求，但绝大多数撒哈拉以南非洲消费者继续使用基于木材的生物质能源进行烹饪。特别是考虑到设备和使用成本，电力不被认为是烹饪的合适替代品。炉灶中的生物质燃烧也会排放出可见烟雾中的黑碳（BC），这是不完全燃烧产生的颗粒物。气候科学现在认为BC是继二氧化碳之后的第二或第三大变暖因子，与甲烷并列。在生物质烹饪的情况下，BC的升温效应和在燃烧过程中也排放的有机碳的冷却效应似乎是密切平衡的。鉴于目前对净影响的不确定性，目前正在进行更多的研究。黑碳还在区域一级产生影响：它加速冰雪融化，造成区域污染，从而改变大面积的气候条件和降水模式。本文件主张，任何政策改革都应包括明确的规则、透明的执行、强有力的激励措施和提高认识/能力发展。关键利益攸关方和公众需要通过宣传运动、培训和示范项目得到指导，以确保认识不足或错误观念不会阻碍政策的执行。官僚主义和行政障碍，例如过于复杂的森林管理规划要求、复杂的财政制度和土地保有权程序，可能会阻碍发展，因此需要认真反思。监管框架需要纳入外部因素，以促进木炭的适当定价，从而加强区域经济。
Nearly half the world's population and about 81 percent of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) households rely on wood-based biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for cooking. This degree of reliance is far greater than in any other region. While the use of biomass fuels in China, India and much of the developing world has peaked or will do so in the near future, SSA's consumption will either remain at very high levels or even grow over the next few decades. Population growth, coupled with strong urbanization dynamics and relative price changes of alternative fuels, offset the important achievements made over the past decade by significant investments in energy access, rural and urban electrification, off-grid energy developments, and the promotion of alternative energy sources. With increasing economic development, the demand for energy is increasing as well and consumers depend on a broader portfolio of energy sources to satisfy growing energy needs. While electricity and other energy sources are needed to satisfy additional energy needs emerging with economic development, a vast majority of Sub-Saharan African consumers continue to use wood based biomass energy for cooking. Especially electricity is not regarded a suitable alternative for cooking given equipment and use costs. Biomass burning in cook stoves also emits black carbon (BC) as part of visible smoke, which is particulate matter that results from incomplete combustion. Climate science now views BC as the second or third largest warming agent after carbon dioxide, alongside methane. In the case of biomass cooking, the warming effects of BC and the cooling effects of organic carbon that is also emitted during the burning appear to be closely balanced. Given the present uncertainty about the net impact, additional research is currently underway. Black carbon has also an impact at the regional level: it accelerates melting of ice and snow, and contributes to regional pollution which can alter climatic conditions and precipitation patterns over a wide area. This paper advocates that any policy reform should entail a combination of clear rules, transparent enforcement, strong incentives and awareness-creation/capacity development. Key stakeholders and the general public need guidance by way of information campaigns, training, and demonstration projects to ensure that awareness-deficits or false perceptions do not curtail policy implementation. The bureaucratic and administrative barriers e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures may inhibit development and thus warrant critical reflection. The regulatory framework needs to integrate externalities in order to promote adequate pricing of charcoal, and thus enhance regional economies.