Waterproofing Crops: Effective Flooding Survival Strategies
Waterproofing Crops: Effective Flooding Survival Strategies
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.112.208173
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发表时间：
2012-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Brinton, Erin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bailey-Serres, Julia;Lee, Seung Cho;Brinton, Erin
过去50年来，在世界各地的农业地区，水供应方面的极端情况（干旱和洪水）发生的频率和强度都有所增加。在美国，在过去12年中，洪水造成的作物产量损失仅次于干旱，这两种非生物胁迫占2011年收成减少的70%以上（图1A）。那一年，洪水造成的保险赔付超过30亿美元（图1B），中西部地区的玉米（Zea mays）和大豆（Glycine max）损失超过16亿美元。在同一时期，洪水在世界其他地区造成相当大的作物损失。例如，欧洲夏季降雨强度的增加造成了许多具有经济后果的洪水和水停滞事件（Olesen等人，2011年），澳大利亚的洪水影响了小麦（Triticum spp.）的产量和价格。2010年，巴基斯坦异常严重的洪水给小麦、棉花和水稻作物造成了44.5亿美元的损失（Arshad和Shafi，2010年）。最受威胁的作物之一是水稻。目前，世界上超过35%的水稻种植面积是易受洪水影响的，而且大部分都在亚洲和非洲的粮食安全地区。一个主要的国际目标是提高作物的整体产量，以满足世界人口增长的预期需求。为了实现这一目标，必须开发和采用能够更好地承受非生物攻击的种质。这方面的一个例子是培育在短暂淹没中存活的水稻品种，并将其非商业性地传播给种植易受洪水侵袭的稻田的农民。在这种情况下，通过国际水稻研究所的倡议，通过标记辅助育种将农民的地方品种转移到现代品种。
Extremes in water availability (droughts and floods) have increased in frequency and intensity over the past 50 years in farming regions throughout the world. In the United States, losses in crop production due to flooding were second to drought in many of the past 12 years, with these two abiotic stresses accounting for more than 70% of the reduction in harvests in 2011 (Fig. 1A). That year, insurance payouts due to floods exceeded $3 billion (Fig. 1B), with more than $1.6 billion in losses of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) in Midwestern fields. Over the same time period, flooding caused considerable crop loss in other parts of the world. For example, increased summer rainfall intensity in Europe caused numerous flooding and water stagnation events of economic consequence (Olesen et al., 2011), and floods in Australia impacted both production and prices of wheat (Triticum spp.). Exceptionally severe flooding in Pakistan inflicted $4.45 billion in damage to the wheat, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and rice (Oryza sativa) crops in 2010 (Arshad and Shafi, 2010). One of the most flooding-threatened crops is rice. At present, over 35% of the world's rice acreage is flood prone, and much is in regions of Asia and Africa characterized as food insecure.A major international goal is to increase overall crop production to meet the anticipated needs of the world's growing population. To achieve this goal, it is essential to develop and adopt germplasm that is better able to endure abiotic assaults. An example of this is the development of rice varieties that survive transient submergence and their noncommercial dissemination to farmers cultivating flood-prone paddies. In this case, robust submergence tolerance was transferred by marker-assisted breeding from a farmer's landrace to modern varieties, through the initiatives of the International Rice Research Institute.