Sábesdiker Losnin Yiddish: A Problem of Linguistic Affinity
Sábesdiker Losnin Yiddish: A Problem of Linguistic Affinity
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Sábesdiker Losnin 意第绪语：语言亲和力问题
DOI：
10.1080/00437956.1952.11659447
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发表时间：
1952
期刊：
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Uriel Weinreich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Uriel Weinreich
1.1.历时语言学最有吸引力的领域之一是研究持续双语语言社区的方言发展。“基本问题是...与双语有关，”引用安德烈·马蒂内的话”是指两个接触的结构能在多大程度上保持完整，以及它们将在多大程度上相互影响和修改。双语语言社区的方言学充分说明了一种基本结构，在这里它保持着自己，在那里通过语言接触而发生变化。1.2.对于大多数语言来说，与其他言语领域的领土重叠是局限于边界区域的边缘现象。[2]意第绪语是双语方言学的观点可以应用于广大地区的罕见例子之一。大约在世纪中期，意第绪语的传播达到了顶峰，其范围从阿姆斯特丹延伸到基辅，从里加延伸到布加勒斯特。[3]它与荷兰语、法国东北部地区、多种德语、波兰语、捷克语、斯洛伐克语、匈牙利语、罗马尼亚语、乌克兰语、白俄罗斯语、俄语、立陶宛语和莱蒂什语的语言区域重叠或接触，更不用说南欧、西欧和巴勒斯坦的意第绪语殖民地了。在所有这些地区，意第绪语自然受到外来影响，就像它在其他地区的语言中留下了痕迹一样;但总的来说，这个被称为犹太人的阿什肯纳兹分支的文化共同体，表现出了惊人的内部凝聚力和一致性。两个来自遥远的布列斯特-立托夫斯克和梅斯的德系犹太人，在语言和文化上比阿尔萨斯-洛林和波尔多的犹太人更相似，因为波尔多的犹太人属于塞法迪犹太人。
1.1. One of the most attractive domains of diachronic linguistics is the study of dialectological developments in consistently bilingual speech communities." The basic problem... in connection with bilingualism," to quote Andre Martinet/" is how far two structures in contact can be maintained intact, and to what extent they will influence and modify each other." The dialectology of bilingual speech communities furnishes ample illustrations of a basic structure here maintaining itself, there being modified through language contact. 1.2. For most languages, territorial overlappings with other speech territories are marginal phenomena restricted to border zones. 2 The case of Yiddish is one of the rare instances in which the viewpoint of bilingual dialectology can be applied to vast areas. At the time of its maximum spread, around the middle of the eighteenth century, the Yiddish speech area stretched from Amsterdam to Kiev and from Riga to Bucharest. 3 It overlapped or touched the language areas of Dutch, northeastern French, German in many varieties, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Rumanian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Russian, Lithuanian, and Lettish-not to speak of the Yiddish language colonies in southern and western Europe and in Palestine. In all these regions, Yiddish naturally was exposed to outside influences, just as it left its traces on the coterritoriallanguages; but on the whole this culture community, known as the Ashkenazic branch of Jewry, displayed a remarkable degree of inner cohesion and uniformity. Two Ashkenazic Jews hailing from as far apart as Brest-Litovsk and Metz were linguistically and culturally more alike than, say, the Jews of Alsace-Lorraine and those of Bordeaux, since the Bordeaux Jews belonged to the Sephardic group.