Defence versus defence: Are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator-induced morphology?
Defence versus defence: Are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator-induced morphology?
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防御与防御：鲫鱼是否会权衡免疫功能与捕食者诱导的形态？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
C. Brönmark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Vinterstare;Arne Hegemann;P. Nilsson;K. Hulthén;C. Brönmark
许多物种采用诱导防御策略;也就是说，它们具有表型可塑性特征，可降低被潜在捕食者捕获和消费的风险。在高风险环境与低风险环境中表达替代表型的益处已被充分记录。然而，诱导型抗捕食者特性也会产生成本，因为当捕食者不存在时，它们不会表达，但这种成本的经验证据仍然很少。事实上，自然界中的所有动物都同时处于强烈的选择之下，以逃避捕食者的捕获和寄生虫或病原体的感染，因此，展示了各种各样的防御手段来对抗这些威胁，提高了防御之间权衡的可能性。一个典型的例子，一个捕食者诱导的形态防御是鲫鱼的深体形状，减少了捕食的风险，从间隙大小有限的捕食者。本研究的目的是研究是否捕食者暴露也影响免疫功能的鲫鱼，以及是否表达的形态防御的程度是权衡个人的免疫功能。在长期实验（8个月）中暴露于感知风险（捕食者存在/不存在）的操纵后，对先天免疫功能的关键方面和诱导型形态防御表达的个体差异进行了量化。与无捕食者条件下的鱼相比，接触捕食者的个体表现出较低的触珠蛋白水平和补体活性，但天然抗体滴度较高。当用模拟细菌感染（LPS注射）进行实验性挑战时，在天然捕食者存在下饲养的鱼类表现出较弱的免疫反应。此外，在暴露于捕食者的个体中，形态防御表达的大小与基线免疫功能和建立免疫应答的能力相关。然而，这些关系并不总是支持防御之间的一般权衡。我们的研究结果表明，鱼类暴露于捕食者平均减少免疫功能的投资，而且，进一步观察到的防御在捕食者暴露的个人之间的关系可以最好地解释从个人健身和生活节奏的角度。
Numerous species adopt inducible defence strategies; that is, they have phenotypically plastic traits that decrease the risk of capture and consumption by potential predators. The benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes in high- vs. low-risk environments are well documented. However, inducible anti-predator traits are also expected to incur costs, as they are not expressed when predators are absent, yet empirical evidence of such costs remains scarce. Virtually, all animals in nature are simultaneously under strong selection to evade both capture by predators and infection by parasites or pathogens and, hence, display a diverse arsenal of defences to combat these threats, raising the possibility of trade-offs between defences. A classic example of a predator-induced morphological defence is the deep-bodied shape of crucian carp that reduces risk of predation from gape-size-limited predators. The goal of this study was to examine whether predator exposure affects also immune function in crucian carp, and whether the degree of expressed morphological defence is traded off against immune function in individuals. Following exposure to manipulations of perceived risk (predator presence/absence) in a long-term experiment (8 months), key aspects of innate immune function and individual differences in the expression of inducible morphological defence were quantified. Predator-exposed individuals showed lower haptoglobin levels and complement activity, but higher natural antibody titres than fish from predator-free conditions. When experimentally challenged with a mimicked bacterial infection (LPS injection), fish reared in the presence of a natural predator showed a weaker immune response. Moreover, among predator-exposed individuals, the magnitude of morphological defence expression correlated with both baseline immune function and the ability to mount an immune response. However, these relationships were not consistently supportive of a general trade-off among defences. Our results suggest that fish exposed to predators on average reduce investment in immune function, and, further, the observed relationships among defences in predator-exposed individuals can best be explained from individual fitness and pace-of-life perspectives.
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Novoa B;Bowman TV;Zon L;Figueras A
通讯作者：
Figueras A