HOW BIG IS BIG - RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PROPERTIES IN MEMORY
HOW BIG IS BIG - RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PROPERTIES IN MEMORY
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DOI：
10.1016/0010-0277(80)90010-4
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
TURNBULL, W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
RIPS, LJ;TURNBULL, W
先前的语义记忆研究忽略了所谓的“属性陈述”之间的一个重要区别。带有相对形容词的陈述（例如，火烈鸟是大的）暗示着与与直接上级类别相关的标准或参考点的比较（火烈鸟对鸟来说是大的），而带有绝对形容词的陈述（例如，火烈鸟是粉红色的）的真理通常独立于这样的标准。为了检验这种区别的心理后果，我们在实验1中要求受试者验证在谓语-形容词（PA）结构（例如，一只火烈鸟是大的（粉红色的））或谓语-名词（PN）结构（例如，一只火烈鸟是一只大的（粉红色的）鸟）中包含相对或绝对形容词的句子，其中谓语名词是直接上级。当指定上级句时，相对句的反应时间和错误减少，而绝对句的反应时间和错误保持不变。这些数据还表明，相对句子的真值不仅取决于上级，还取决于日常的、面向人类的对象的更普遍的标准。实验2扩展了这些结果，表明相对句子的真实性评级是实例与其上级标准之间大小差异的函数（例如，火烈鸟的大小与普通鸟的大小之间的差异），以及实例与日常物体的标准之间的差异。实验3使用反应时间作为依赖度量来重复这些发现。
Previous studies of semantic memory have overlooked an important distinction among so-called “property statements”. Statements with relative adjectives (e.g.,Flamingos are big) imply a comparison to a standard or reference point associated with an immediate superordinate category (a flamingo is big for a bird), while the truth of statements with absolute adjectives (e.g.,Flamingos are pink) is generally independent of such a standard. To examine the psychological consequences of this distinction, we asked subjects in Experiment 1 to verify sentences containing either relative or absolute adjectives embedded in either predicate-adjective (PA) constructions (e.g.,A flamingo is big (pink)) or predicate-noun (PN) constructions (e.g.A flamingo is a big (pink) bird), where the predicate noun was the immediate superordinate. Reaction times (RTs) and errors for relative sentences decreased when the superordinate was specified, but remained constant for absolute sentences. These data also suggest that the truth value of relative sentences depends, not just on the superordinate, but also on a more global standard for everyday, human-oriented objects. Experiment 2 extends these results in showing that ratings of the truth of relative sentences are a function of the difference in size between an instance and its superordinate standard (e.g., between the size of a flamingo and that of an average bird) and the difference between the instance and the standard for everyday objects. Experiment 3 replicated these findings using reaction time as the dependent measure.