Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds
Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds
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DOI：
10.2307/2641016
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发表时间：
2000-08-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Lowe, RP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mallin, MA;Williams, KE;Lowe, RP
人类在陆地-海水界面的沿着发展被认为具有重大的环境后果。发展还可能增加人类健康风险。在一个快速发展的沿海地区，我们调查了这一现象在一系列的五个河口流域，其中每个人为发展的数量和类型不同。在四年的时间里，我们分析了肠道病原体指示微生物、粪便大肠杆菌和大肠杆菌的丰度和分布。我们还研究了这些指示微生物是如何与物理和化学水质参数和人口和土地利用因素在整个系统的沿海小溪。在所有的小溪，有一个空间模式，减少肠道细菌远离上游地区，粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌。大肠杆菌丰度与盐度呈负相关。腹泻与肠道细菌丰度呈正相关。肠道细菌丰度与硝酸盐密切相关，与正磷酸盐浓度弱相关。粪大肠菌群和E.大肠杆菌显示了一致的时间丰度模式。不考虑盐度，平均河口粪大肠菌群丰度差异很大，在五个系统。人口和土地利用因素的分析表明，粪大肠菌群丰度与流域人口显着相关，甚至更强烈的相关性与流域内的开发土地的百分比。然而，与粪大肠菌群丰度相关的最重要的人为因素是百分比流域不透水表面覆盖，其中包括屋顶，道路，车道，人行道和停车场。这些表面的作用是将雨水携带的污染物集中并输送到下游的受纳沃茨。线性回归分析表明，百分比流域不透水的表面面积单独可以解释95%的变异平均河口粪大肠菌群丰度。因此，在城市化的沿海地区，通过无害环境的土地使用规划和开发，最大限度地减少不渗透表面区域的使用，同时最大限度地发挥自然和人工湿地、草地洼地和其他“绿色”区域的被动水处理功能，有可能减少水传播的健康风险。在我们的研究中使用的分水岭的方法表明，土地-水界面并不局限于明显的海岸线地区，但在整个流域的景观因素的影响和连接。
Human development along the land-seawater interface is considered to have significant environmental consequences. Development can also pose an increased human health risk. In a rapidly developing coastal region we investigated this phenomenon throughout a series of five estuarine watersheds, each of which differed in both the amount and type of anthropogenic development. Over a four-year period we analyzed the abundance and distribution of the enteric pathogen indicator microbes, fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. We also examined how these indicator microbes were related to physical and chemical water quality parameters and to demographic and land use factors throughout this system of coastal creeks. Within all creeks, there was a spatial pattern of decreasing enteric bacteria away from upstream areas, and both fecal coliform and E. coli abundance were inversely correlated with salinity. Turbidity was positively correlated with enteric bacterial abundance. Enteric bacterial abundance was strongly correlated with nitrate and weakly correlated with orthophosphate concentrations. Neither fecal coliforms nor E. coli displayed consistent temporal abundance patterns. Regardless of salinity, average estuarine fecal coliform abundance differed greatly among the five systems. An analysis of demographic and land use factors demonstrated that fecal coliform abundance was significantly correlated with watershed population, and even more strongly correlated with the percentage of developed land within the watershed. However, the most important anthropogenic factor associated with fecal coliform abundance was percentage watershed-impervious surface coverage, which consists of roofs, roads, driveways, sidewalks, and parking lots. These surfaces serve to concentrate and convey storm-water-borne pollutants to downstream receiving waters. Linear regression analysis indicated that percentage watershed-impervious surface area alone could explain 95% of the variability in average estuarine fecal coliform abundance. Thus, in urbanizing coastal areas waterborne health risks can likely be reduced by environmentally sound land use planning and development that minimizes the use of impervious surface area, while maximizing the passive water treatment function of natural and constructed wetlands, grassy swales, and other "green" areas. The watershed approach used in our study demonstrates that the land-water interface is not restricted to obvious shoreline areas, but is influenced by and connected with landscape factors throughout the watershed.