History of equatorial vegetation fires and fire research in Southeast Asia before the 1997–98 episode: A reconstruction of creeping environmental changes
History of equatorial vegetation fires and fire research in Southeast Asia before the 1997–98 episode: A reconstruction of creeping environmental changes
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1997-98年事件之前的赤道植被火灾历史和东南亚火灾研究：蠕动环境变化的重建
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
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通讯作者：
J. Goldammer
中科院分区：
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作者：
J. Goldammer
森林土壤中的木炭碎片提供了赤道雨林以及大陆和南亚岛屿季节性季风森林中史前和历史上自然和人为野火的证据。历史上和当代雨林火灾发生的有利条件与干旱有关，特别是在厄尔尼诺南方涛动（ENSO）事件引起的干旱时期。历史性的土地利用火灾和野火可以从许多叙述性报告中重建，包括揭示干旱和饥荒的文件。在婆罗洲东部，史前和煤火的历史记录揭示了野火的独特自然来源。从现代轮回计划和将包括泥炭沼泽生态系统在内的初级和次生植被系统性地转变为农田和工业种植园开始，火作为土地清理工具的使用在 20 世纪 90 年代不断升级。在干旱期间，清理土地的火灾也会导致野火。对 1982 年至 1983 年土地利用火灾和野火事件的生态后果进行了详细研究，研究对象是东加里曼丹 270 万公顷的龙脑香科雨林。结果表明，龙脑香植物非常容易受到火灾的影响，并被占据受干扰地点或在直接火灾影响中幸存下来的先驱者和耐火物种所取代。森林转变燃烧产生的烟雾造成了相当大的环境问题，降低了能见度并影响人类健康和安全。植被燃烧产生的排放影响全球大气的化学和功能。东南亚大陆和岛屿地区的情况有所不同，这些地区有季节性气候。通过气候变化、火灾影响和人为压力的长期影响，植被能够更好地适应外在压力。在 1982 年至 1983 年和 1997 年至 1998 年极端 ENSO 事件和火灾之间的 15 年里，国家和国际社会已收到警报并准备应对印度尼西亚不断升级的火灾局势。然而，对 1997-1998 年火灾和烟雾事件的反应绝对不充分且不稳定。与此同时，整个大陆——东南亚的海洋大陆——已经因20多年来的过度火灾而退化。
Charcoal fragments in forest soils give evidence of prehistoric and historic natural and anthropogenic wildfires in the equatorial rainforests and in seasonal monsoon forests of continental and insular South Asia. Conditions favourable for the occurrence of historic and contemporary rainforest fires are associated with droughts, especially during dry spells caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Historic land-use fires and wildfires can be reconstructed from a number of narrative reports, including documents that reveal drought and famine. In the eastern part of Borneo prehistoric and historic records of coal fires reveal a unique natural source of wildfires. Starting with modern transmigration programs and systematic conversion of primary and secondary vegetation, including peat-swamp ecosystems, into farmland and industrial plantations, the use of fire as a land-clearing tool escalated in the 1990s. During droughts land-clearing fires additionally contribute to wildfires. A detailed study of the ecological consequences of the episode of land-use fires and wildfires of 1982–1983 was conducted on an area of 2.7 million ha of dipterocarp rainforest in East Kalimantan. The results show that dipterocarps are highly susceptible to fire and are replaced by pioneers and fire-tolerant species that occupy the disturbed sites or survive the immediate fire effects. Smoke from forest conversion burning caused considerable environmental problems, reducing visibility and affecting human health and security. Emissions from vegetation burning influence chemistry and functioning of the global atmosphere. The situation is different in those parts of mainland and insular Southeast Asia that are characterized by seasonal climate. Through long-term influence of climate variability, fire influence, and anthropogenic pressure the vegetation is better adapted to extrinsic stresses. During the 15 years between the extreme ENSO events and fire episodes of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 the national and international communities have been alerted and prepared to respond to the escalating fire situation in Indonesia. The response to the onset of the 1997–1998 fire and smoke episode, however, was absolutely inadequate and erratic. Meanwhile a whole continent – the maritime continent of Southeast Asia – has been degraded by excessive fire application for more than 20 years.