The oral-gut axis: Salivary and fecal microbiome dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
The oral-gut axis: Salivary and fecal microbiome dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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口腔张轴：炎症性肠病患者的唾液和粪便微生物组营养不良。
DOI：
10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010853
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
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炎症性肠病（IBD）是一组慢性炎症性疾病，分为两大类：克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）。胃肠道从口腔延伸到肛门，并含有多种细菌群落。几项基于测序的研究已经确定了口腔相关细菌的肠道富集，并证明了它们在小鼠中诱导肠道炎症的能力，这表明肠道致病菌来源于口腔，特别是链球菌属的成员。本研究旨在研究IBD患者（n = 14）与健康对照（n = 12）相比的唾液和粪便微生物组的组成，并确定两个小生境中常见细菌分类群的丰度。从唾液和粪便样品中提取宏基因组DNA，并靶向16 S rRNA基因进行测序。我们的研究结果显示，与对照组相比，IBD患者唾液的总体微生物组成发生了显著变化（p = 0.038）。在属的水平上，韦荣氏球菌和普雷沃氏菌在IBD中的丰度（中位数：分别为25.4%和22.2%）高于对照组（分别为17.9%和13.4%）。相比之下，奈瑟菌属、链球菌属、嗜血杆菌属和梭杆菌属与健康的肠道状态相关。关于粪便微生物组，与对照组相比，IBD组具有显著更高丰度的狭义梭菌1和土方志贺氏菌（均包含病原菌）。这两个细菌群的成员先前已被证明与肠道炎症和破坏肠道屏障完整性的促炎细胞因子的高表达正相关。此外，我们证明，增加丰度的狭义梭菌1和土方ichia-Shigella也与显着上调某些代谢途径的IBD组的粪便，包括上皮细胞的细菌入侵。链球菌是在唾液和粪便微生物组中检测到的唯一常见属，并且在我们的研究中代表口-肠轴。使用基于培养的方法，我们从唾液中分离出57株和91株链球菌，以及从对照组和IBD患者的粪便样品中分离出40株和31株链球菌。基于sodA序列的链球菌系统发育树揭示了几个患者特异性集群，包括来自同一患者的唾液和粪便链球菌分离株，属于同一物种，这表明口腔是肠道菌株的内源性储存库。
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that fall into two main categories: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus and harbors diverse bacterial communities. Several sequencing-based studies have identified an intestinal enrichment of oral-associated bacteria and demonstrated their ability to induce intestinal inflammation in mice, suggesting that intestinal pathobionts originate from the oral cavity, particularly members of the genus Streptococcus. This study aimed to investigate the composition of the salivary and fecal microbiome of IBD patients (n = 14) compared to healthy controls (n = 12) and to determine the abundance of common bacterial taxa in both niches. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from saliva and fecal samples, and the 16S rRNA gene was targeted for sequencing. Our results revealed that the overall microbial composition of saliva was significantly altered in the IBD patients compared to the control subjects (p = 0.038). At the genus level, Veillonella and Prevotella were highly abundant in IBD (median: 25.4% and 22.2%, respectively) compared to the control group (17.9% and 13.4%, respectively). In contrast, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium were associated with a healthy gut state. Regarding the fecal microbiome, the IBD group had a significantly higher abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella (both comprising pathogenic bacteria) compared with the control group. Members of both bacterial groups have previously been shown to positively correlate with intestinal inflammation and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that disrupt intestinal barrier integrity. In addition, we demonstrate that the increased abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella has also been associated with significant upregulation of certain metabolic pathways in the feces of the IBD group, including bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Streptococcus was the only common genus detected in both the salivary and fecal microbiome and represented the oral-gut axis in our study. Using culture-based methods, we isolated 57 and 91 Streptococcus strains from saliva as well as 40 and 31 strains from fecal samples of the controls and IBD patients, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of streptococci based on sodA sequences revealed several patient-specific clusters comprising salivary and fecal streptococcal isolates from the same patient and belonging to the same species, suggesting that the oral cavity is an endogenous reservoir for intestinal strains.