Color modulates olfactory learning in honeybees by an occasion-setting mechanism
Color modulates olfactory learning in honeybees by an occasion-setting mechanism
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DOI：
10.1101/lm.2073511
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Sandoz, Jean-Christophe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mota, Theo;Giurfa, Martin;Sandoz, Jean-Christophe
场合设置提供了一种复杂的非基本学习形式。在这个范例中，动物学会使用不与非条件刺激直接关联的替代刺激来消除不确定条件刺激的歧义。例如，如果这两种情况用不同的颜色表示，动物可能学会区分有奖励的气味和没有奖励的气味，而这些颜色本身并不与奖励联系在一起。尽管人们对昆虫的非元素学习越来越感兴趣，但迄今为止还没有研究试图研究受约束蜜蜂的场合设置，尽管这将使人们能够直接接触到非元素学习的神经基础。在这里，我们询问颜色是否可以通过场合设置机制调节鼻子伸展反射（PER）的嗅觉条件。我们表明，完整的、被利用的蜜蜂无法学习颜色和蔗糖之间的直接联系。尽管蜜蜂没有这种能力，但它们解决了一种场合设置歧视，在这种歧视中，颜色设置了对气味做出适当反应的场合，这种气味取决于颜色的奖励或不奖励。因此，我们提供了第一个控制的双峰（颜色-气味）场合设置的演示，这为研究昆虫中这种双峰，非元素区分的神经基础打开了大门。
A sophisticated form of nonelemental learning is provided by occasion setting. In this paradigm, animals learn to disambiguate an uncertain conditioned stimulus using alternative stimuli that do not enter into direct association with the unconditioned stimulus. For instance, animals may learn to discriminate odor rewarded from odor nonrewarded trials if these two situations are indicated by different colors that do not themselves become associated with the reward. Despite a growing interest in nonelemental learning in insects, no study has so far attempted to study occasion setting in restrained honeybees, although this would allow direct access to the neural basis of nonelemental learning. Here we asked whether colors can modulate olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) via an occasion-setting mechanism. We show that intact, harnessed bees are not capable of learning a direct association between color and sucrose. Despite this incapacity, bees solved an occasion-setting discrimination in which colors set the occasion for appropriate responding to an odor that was rewarded or nonrewarded depending on the color. We therefore provide the first controlled demonstration of bimodal (color-odor) occasion setting in harnessed honeybees, which opens the door for studying the neural basis of such bimodal, nonelemental discriminations in insects.