Global Connectivity of Southern Ocean Ecosystems
Global Connectivity of Southern Ocean Ecosystems
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2021.624451
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发表时间：
2021-08-04
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Xavier, Jose C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Murphy, Eugene J.;Johnston, Nadine M.;Xavier, Jose C.
南大洋生态系统具有全球重要性。南极大气、冰冻圈和南大洋的过程直接影响全球大气和海洋系统。南大洋海洋地球化学也显示出全球重要性。与此相反，海洋生态过程往往被视为在很大程度上独立于全球系统的其他部分。在本文中，我们认为在不同的营养水平的生态连接的程度，连接南大洋生态系统与全球海洋，其重要性不仅为区域生态系统，而且更广泛的地球系统。我们还考虑了人类系统的联系，包括南大洋生态系统在支持许多国家的社会，文化和经济方面的作用，影响公众和政治观点以及政策。南大洋生态系统不是由特定海洋前沿的障碍所界定的，而是由于涉及海洋学过程和生物运动的跨前沿交换，生态变化是渐进的。在南半球的秋天，数百万只海鸟和数十万只鲸类动物从极地沃茨向北迁移，在南半球的食物网中相互作用，还有一些物种跨越赤道。一些物种迁移到主要南部大陆的东西海洋盆地边界海流和大陆架区域。人类进出南大洋区域的旅行包括渔业、旅游业和所有海洋部门的科学船只。这些业务产生于许多国家，特别是在北方，并在当地社区以及国家的经济，科学和政治活动中很重要。由于广泛的连通性，南大洋生态系统未来的变化将对整个地球系统产生影响，影响生态系统服务，并对全世界产生社会经济影响。高度的连通性还意味着南大洋以外海洋生态系统的变化和政策决定对南极极锋以南的生态系统产生影响。了解南大洋生态系统及其全球连通性对于解释当前变化、预测未来变化影响以及确定养护和管理南大洋和更广泛的地球系统的综合战略至关重要。
Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and the Southern Ocean directly influence global atmospheric and oceanic systems. Southern Ocean biogeochemistry has also been shown to have global importance. In contrast, ocean ecological processes are often seen as largely separate from the rest of the global system. In this paper, we consider the degree of ecological connectivity at different trophic levels, linking Southern Ocean ecosystems with the global ocean, and their importance not only for the regional ecosystem but also the wider Earth system. We also consider the human system connections, including the role of Southern Ocean ecosystems in supporting society, culture, and economy in many nations, influencing public and political views and hence policy. Rather than Southern Ocean ecosystems being defined by barriers at particular oceanic fronts, ecological changes are gradual due to cross-front exchanges involving oceanographic processes and organism movement. Millions of seabirds and hundreds of thousands of cetaceans move north out of polar waters in the austral autumn interacting in food webs across the Southern Hemisphere, and a few species cross the equator. A number of species migrate into the east and west ocean-basin boundary current and continental shelf regions of the major southern continents. Human travel in and out of the Southern Ocean region includes fisheries, tourism, and scientific vessels in all ocean sectors. These operations arise from many nations, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, and are important in local communities as well as national economic, scientific, and political activities. As a result of the extensive connectivity, future changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems will have consequences throughout the Earth system, affecting ecosystem services with socio-economic impacts throughout the world. The high level of connectivity also means that changes and policy decisions in marine ecosystems outside the Southern Ocean have consequences for ecosystems south of the Antarctic Polar Front. Knowledge of Southern Ocean ecosystems and their global connectivity is critical for interpreting current change, projecting future change impacts, and identifying integrated strategies for conserving and managing both the Southern Ocean and the broader Earth system.