Maturation of the adolescent brain.
Maturation of the adolescent brain.
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DOI：
10.2147/ndt.s39776
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Sharma S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arain M;Haque M;Johal L;Mathur P;Nel W;Rais A;Sandhu R;Sharma S
青春期是儿童在智力、身体、荷尔蒙和社交方面逐渐成年的发展时期。青春期是一个动荡的时期，充满变化和转变。青春期向成年的过渡涉及性腺和行为的成熟。磁共振成像研究发现，适当绝缘和有效神经控制论所需的髓磷脂生成从童年开始就一直持续，并且大脑特定区域的神经回路在结构和功能上仍然容易受到冲动性、食物和睡眠习惯的影响。青少年大脑的成熟还受到遗传、环境和性激素（雌激素、孕激素和睾酮）的影响，这些激素在髓鞘形成中起着至关重要的作用。此外，谷氨酸能神经传递占主导地位，而γ-氨基丁酸神经传递仍在构建中，这可能是青少年时期不成熟和冲动行为以及神经行为兴奋的原因。由于边缘系统和前额叶皮层不成熟，青少年非常容易在酒精和社会适应不良的影响下驾驶。突触可塑性和神经递质的释放也可能受到环境神经毒素和青少年时期滥用药物（包括香烟、咖啡因和酒精）的影响。青少年可能会参与攻击性犯罪、不负责任的行为、无保护的性行为、少年法庭甚至监狱。根据疾病控制与预防中心的一份报告，青少年死亡的主要原因是与性和药物滥用相关的伤害和暴力。产前忽视、吸烟和饮酒也可能显着影响青少年大脑的成熟。已经尝试通过药物干预来调节青少年行为，但成效有限。由于年龄、性别、疾病、营养状况和药物滥用等多种因素对青少年大脑的成熟有重大影响，因此我们在本报告中强调了这些具有临床意义和社会重要性的方面的影响。
Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults – intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have discovered that myelinogenesis, required for proper insulation and efficient neurocybernetics, continues from childhood and the brain’s region-specific neurocircuitry remains structurally and functionally vulnerable to impulsive sex, food, and sleep habits. The maturation of the adolescent brain is also influenced by heredity, environment, and sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), which play a crucial role in myelination. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurotransmission predominates, whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission remains under construction, and this might be responsible for immature and impulsive behavior and neurobehavioral excitement during adolescent life. The adolescent population is highly vulnerable to driving under the influence of alcohol and social maladjustments due to an immature limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity and the release of neurotransmitters may also be influenced by environmental neurotoxins and drugs of abuse including cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol during adolescence. Adolescents may become involved with offensive crimes, irresponsible behavior, unprotected sex, juvenile courts, or even prison. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the major cause of death among the teenage population is due to injury and violence related to sex and substance abuse. Prenatal neglect, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption may also significantly impact maturation of the adolescent brain. Pharmacological interventions to regulate adolescent behavior have been attempted with limited success. Since several factors, including age, sex, disease, nutritional status, and substance abuse have a significant impact on the maturation of the adolescent brain, we have highlighted the influence of these clinically significant and socially important aspects in this report.