The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation
The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation
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DOI：
10.1017/s0954579411000459
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发表时间：
2011-11-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Potapovaa, Natalia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beauchaine, Theodore P.;Neuhaus, Emily;Potapovaa, Natalia
“异稳态”一词被定义为通过变化获得稳定，发展精神病理学家反复使用它来描述边缘-下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴在反复和/或长期暴露于压力后的长期和在某些情况下永久性的功能改变。越来越多的适应负荷模型也被用来描述虐待、忽视和其他形式的虐待的心理后遗症。相比之下，神经系统对压力的适应，包括涉及(a)情绪和情绪调节、(b)行为方法和(c)社会联系和依恋的单胺系统所引起的适应，通常不包括在适应稳态模型中。相反，这些系统的结构和功能变化对长时间的压力暴露非常敏感，通常被解释为压力介质、神经可塑性和/或编程效应。考虑到单胺和边缘-下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的重叠功能和复杂的协同调节，将这些机制与异稳态区分开来有些人为。它还对应该相互提供信息的文献进行分类。在这篇文章中，我们描述了在急性和长期暴露于压力下，血清素能、多巴胺能和去甲肾上腺素能神经系统的结构和功能变化。通过行为冲动、特质焦虑、情绪和情绪失调以及社会性的增加，单胺功能的改变对人格、依恋关系和精神病理学的出现有着深远的影响。
The term allostasis, which is defined as stability through change, has been invoked repeatedly by developmental psychopathologists to describe long-lasting and in some cases permanent functional alterations in limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responding following recurrent and/or prolonged exposure to stress. Increasingly, allostatic load models have also been invoked to describe psychological sequelae of abuse, neglect, and other forms of maltreatment. In contrast, neural adaptations to stress, including those incurred by monoamine systems implicated in (a) mood and emotion regulation, (b) behavioral approach, and (c) social affiliation and attachment, are usually not included in models of allostasis. Rather, structural and functional alterations in these systems, which are exquisitely sensitive to prolonged stress exposure, are usually explained as stress mediators, neural plasticity, and/or programming effects. Considering these mechanisms as distinct from allostasis is somewhat artificial given overlapping functions and intricate coregulation of monoamines and the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It also fractionates literatures that should be mutually informative. In this article, we describe structural and functional alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic neural systems following both acute and prolonged exposure to stress. Through increases in behavioral impulsivity, trait anxiety, mood and emotion dysregulation, and asociality, alterations in monoamine functioning have profound effects on personality, attachment relationships, and the emergence of psychopathology.