Superacids
Superacids
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超强酸
作者：
G. Olah;G. Prakash;J. Sommer
超强酸虽然早在1927年就被首次提及，但直到最近十年才得到广泛研究。现在已经获得了高达1012倍于硫酸的酸度。超酸体系中反离子极低的亲核性对制备稳定的缺电子阳离子特别有用，尤其是碳正离子。其中许多阳离子以前只能在气相中检测到，现在可以在溶液中进行研究。在超强酸中也可以实现在普通酸性介质中不可能实现的新的有机合成，包括经济上重要的碳氢化合物的合成。超强酸独特的能力可以带来碳氢化合物的转化，甚至可以激活甲烷进行亲电寡聚反应，这可能会打开化学的新领域。
Superacids, although first referred to as early as 1927, were only extensively studied in the last decade. Acidities up to 1012 times that of sulfuric acid have now been obtained. The extremely low nucleophilicity of the counterions in superacidic systems is especially useful for the preparation of stable, electron-deficient cations, particularly carbocations. Many of these cations, which were formerly detectable only in the gas phase, can now be studied in solution. Novel organic syntheses that are not possible in ordinary acidic media can also be achieved in superacids, including syntheses of economically important hydrocarbons. The unique ability of superacids to bring about hydrocarbon transformations, even to activate methane to undergo electrophilic oligocondensation, can open up new fields in chemistry.