Attachment to challenging substrates - fouling, roughness and limits of adhesion in the northern clingfish (Gobiesox maeandricus)
Attachment to challenging substrates - fouling, roughness and limits of adhesion in the northern clingfish (Gobiesox maeandricus)
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.100149
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Summers, Adam P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ditsche, Petra;Wainwright, Dylan K.;Summers, Adam P.
北方粘鱼使用腹吸盘坚持在潮间带粗糙的基板。细菌、藻类和无脊椎动物在这些表面上生长（污染），改变了主要基质的表面特性，从而改变了底栖生物的附着条件。在这项研究中，我们调查的污垢和表面粗糙度的附着强度的北方攀鲈，Gobiesox maeandricus的影响。我们测量了四个表面粗糙度的未污染和污染基板上的粘鱼韧性。我们将表面暴露在太平洋中6周，直到它们被附着生物覆盖。在被污染和未被污染的光滑基材上，鲶鱼韧性是相等的;然而，与未被污染的韧性相比，被污染的粗糙表面上的韧性较小。我们推测部分生物膜可能起到润滑剂的作用，减少椎间盘边缘的摩擦，从而使椎间盘边缘向内滑动，并在较低的韧性下失效。然而，即使在污染的表面上，粘附力也是鱼体重的大约150倍。为了确定鱼可以依附的表面粗糙度的上限，我们测试了七种增加表面粗糙度的未污染基质。阈值粗糙度在北方的粘扣鱼失败的标本大小增加。我们假设，由于椎间盘边缘的弹性，较大的椎间盘可以适应较大的表面不规则性。最大的样品（长度10-12厘米）能够附着在2-4毫米的晶粒尺寸的表面。鱼可以附着在粗糙度为吸盘宽度的2%至9%的表面上。
Northern clingfish use a ventral suction disc to stick to rough substrates in the intertidal zone. Bacteria, algae and invertebrates grow on these surfaces (fouling) and change the surface properties of the primary substrate, and therefore the attachment conditions for benthic organisms. In this study, we investigate the influence of fouling and surface roughness on the adhesive strength of northern clingfish, Gobiesox maeandricus. We measured clingfish tenacity on unfouled and fouled substrates over four surface roughnesses. We exposed surfaces for 6 weeks in the Pacific Ocean, until they were covered with periphyton. Clingfish tenacity is equivalent on both fouled and unfouled smooth substrates; however, tenacity on fouled rough surfaces is less compared with tenacity on unfouled ones. We hypothesize that parts of biofilm may act as a lubricant and decrease friction of the disc margin, thereby making disc margins slip inwards and fail at lower tenacities. Nevertheless, even on fouled surfaces the adhesive forces are approximately 150 times the body weight of the fish. To identify the upper threshold of surface roughness the fish can cling to, we tested seven unfouled substrates of increasing surface roughness. The threshold roughness at which northern clingfish failed increased with specimen size. We hypothesize that because of the elastic properties of the disc margin, a larger disc can adapt to larger surface irregularities. The largest specimens (length 10-12 cm) were able to cling to surfaces with 2-4 mm grain size. The fish can attach to surfaces with roughness between 2 and 9% of the suction disc width.