Model predictive control of thermal storage for demand response
Model predictive control of thermal storage for demand response
复制标题
需求响应储热模型预测控制
DOI：
10.1109/acc.2015.7170857
复制
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Max Zhang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Kircher;K. Max Zhang
有蓄热库的建筑物主要用它来转移冷负荷。冰或冷水在电价较低时产生，并在电价较高时储存以提供冷却。虽然这种基于价格的负荷转移对电力系统运营商来说是有价值的，但具有储热功能的建筑可以通过对需求收费和需求响应电话做出反应，提供更直接的电网服务。在本文中，我们考虑了在这些激励下建筑物的降温问题。背景是纽约市的一栋办公楼，具有被动和主动储热功能，符合联合爱迪生(ConEd)针对大型商业建筑的违约率计划。这一费率计划包括三级按需收费和由系统运营商提前一天的调度确定的每小时能源价格。我们还模拟了ConED需求响应计划，并考虑了建筑物居住者的热舒适性。该问题用随机最优控制的语言表示，并用模型预测控制(MPC)近似求解。扩展了以前关于热能存储的MPC的工作，其重点是动态能源价格，我们将全套经济激励直接包括在阶段和终端成本中。对2013年最热天气的模拟证明了现实经济模型的价值。它们还突显了各种激励措施之间有趣的紧张关系，这些激励措施都在争夺可转移的负荷。
Buildings with thermal storage use it mainly to shift cooling loads. Ice or chilled water is produced when electricity prices are low and stored to provide cooling when prices are high. While this price-based load shifting has value for power system operators, buildings with thermal storage could provide more direct grid services by reacting to demand charges and demand response calls. In this paper, we consider the problem of cooling a building under these incentives. The context is a New York City office building with passive and active thermal storage, subject to Consolidated Edison's (ConEd's) default rate plan for large commercial buildings. This rate plan includes a three-tiered demand charge and hourly energy prices determined by the system operator's day-ahead dispatch. We also model a ConEd demand response program, and consider the thermal comfort of building occupants. The problem is formulated in the language of stochastic optimal control and solved approximately using model predictive control (MPC). Extending previous work on MPC of thermal storage, which has focused on dynamic energy prices, we include the full set of economic incentives directly in the stage and terminal costs. Simulations of the hottest day of 2013 demonstrate the value of realistic economic modeling. They also highlight an interesting tension between the various incentives, which all compete for shiftable load.