Agrobiodiversity conservation with illegal-drug crops: An approach from the prisons in Oaxaca, Mexico
Agrobiodiversity conservation with illegal-drug crops: An approach from the prisons in Oaxaca, Mexico
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非法毒品作物的农业生物多样性保护：墨西哥瓦哈卡监狱的方法
DOI：
10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.10.012
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
G. Tamariz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Tamariz
借鉴政治生态脆弱性理论，本文分析了非法毒品种植及其相关的暴力对墨西哥瓦哈卡州小农农业生物多样性的影响。瓦哈卡是全球农业生物多样性热点地区，大麻和罂粟在这里广泛种植已有数十年。这项研究是基于76个结构化/半结构化的采访被监禁的农民，收获采集者，和前士兵在四个国家监狱。结果表明，非法毒品作物和本地粮食作物相辅相成，直到暴力的门槛被跨越，这导致放弃农业由于谋杀，监禁和外迁。非法毒品作物的小农农业专业化往往有利于跨越暴力的门槛。然而，在本研究所涉及的大多数城市，出现了一种多样化进程，将非法药物作物纳入粮食生产系统，减少了小农对结构性暴力和直接暴力的暴露和敏感性。其他适应战略涉及地方组织和小农军事化，以进行集体风险管理和领土控制。最后，通过比较五个脆弱性的情况下，本文认为，农民组织，军事化，作物/生计多样化的结合在瓦哈卡减轻了暴力的土地变化与这种非法经济，同时保护农业生物多样性。
Drawing on political-ecological vulnerability theory, this paper analyzes the impact of illegal-drug cultivation and its related violence on smallholder agrobiodiversity in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Oaxaca is a global agrobiodiversity hotspot where cannabis and opium poppy have been widely cultivated for decades. The study is based on 76 structured/semi-structured interviews with imprisoned farmers, harvest gatherers, and former soldiers in four state prisons. Results show that illegal-drug crops and native-food crops complement each other until a threshold of violence is crossed, which leads to the abandonment of agriculture due to murder, imprisonment, and out-migration. The specialization of smallholder agriculture in illegal-drug crops tends to favor crossing the threshold of violence. In most municipalities in this study, however, rather a diversification process took place in which illegal-drug crops were incorporated to food production systems, reducing both the exposure and the sensitivity of smallholders to structural and direct violence. Other adaptation strategies involved local organization and militarization of smallholders for collective-risk management and territorial control. Ultimately, by comparing five vulnerability scenarios, this paper argues that the combination of peasant organization, militarization, and crop/livelihood diversification in Oaxaca mitigates the violent agrarian change associated with this illegal economy, while conserving agrobiodiversity.