Environmentally Enhanced Fracture of Glass: A Historical Perspective
Environmentally Enhanced Fracture of Glass: A Historical Perspective
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03097.x
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发表时间：
2009-07
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
S. Freiman;S. Wiederhorn;J. J. Mecholsky-J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Freiman;S. Wiederhorn;J. J. Mecholsky-J.
在本文中，我们回顾了延迟失效的现象，玻璃的寿命限制的过程中，受到拉伸应力。随着裂纹弱化理论（Ingles和Griffith）的发展以及表面损伤增强延迟失效的观察，科学界认识到玻璃中的延迟失效是由受到拉伸应力的裂纹的生长引起的。断裂力学技术被用来量化裂纹扩展速率的施加应力，温度和化学环境，导致亚临界裂纹扩展。我们回顾的理论，已开发的合理化亚临界裂纹扩展数据，包括理论的基础上在裂纹尖端的塑性变形，化学吸附的反应物种，和直接的化学反应的环境与应变债券在裂纹尖端。后一种理论似乎与水直接与应变Si-O键反应的发现最一致，因为水能够向应变键提供电子和质子。具有这种特性的其他化学品也会引起亚临界裂纹扩展。最后，我们回顾了量子力学计算，已被用来量化的亚临界裂纹生长所涉及的化学反应。
In this paper, we review the phenomenon of delayed failure, a life-limiting process for glasses that are subjected to tensile stresses. With the development of crack-weakening theories (Ingles and Griffith) and the observation that surface damage enhances delayed failure, the scientific community recognized that delayed failure in glass is caused by the growth of cracks that are subjected to tensile stresses. Fracture mechanics techniques were used to quantify crack growth rates in terms of applied stress, temperature, and the chemical environments that cause subcritical crack growth. We review the theories that have been developed to rationalize subcritical crack growth data, including theories based on plastic deformation at the crack tip, chemical adsorption of the reacting species, and direct chemical reaction of the environment with the strained bonds at the crack tip. The latter theory seems to be most consistent with the finding that water reacts directly with the strained Si–O bond because of the ability of water to donate both electrons and protons to the strained bond. Other chemicals having this characteristic also cause subcritical crack growth. Finally, we review the quantum mechanical calculations that have been used to quantify the chemical reactions involved in subcritical crack growth.