Saccade adaptation as a model of flexible and general motor learning.
Saccade adaptation as a model of flexible and general motor learning.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.001
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发表时间：
2013-09
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Harwood, Mark R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Herman, James P.;Blangero, Annabelle;Madelain, Laurent;Khan, Afsheen;Harwood, Mark R.
眼球快速的点对点运动称为扫视，是人类最常见的运动，但与几乎所有其他类型的运动输出不同之处在于，它们完成得太快，无法在执行过程中通过视觉反馈进行调整。尽管控制眼睛的物理结构不可避免地会发生变化，但眼球运动的准确性在一生中仍然相当高，这表明眼球运动系统主动监控和调整运动指令，以实现一致的行为产生。事实上，似乎除了补偿缓慢的、与年龄相关的身体变化的能力之外，眼跳还可以在创伤性损伤或影响其产生的病理之后进行修改，或者在实验室环境下对眼跳后视觉反馈的更短期的系统性改变做出反应。这些形式的可塑性依赖于一套统一的机制对准确性错误的视觉检测，该机制支持称为眼跳适应的过程。眼跳适应主要是作为一种现象本身来研究的，而不是一般的运动学习。在这里，我们通过回顾这些领域的文献来强调眼睛和手臂运动适应之间的共性，只要有令人信服的重叠理论或数据。最近令人兴奋的发现正在挑战以往对眼跳适应潜在机制的解释，将预测、强化和语境学习等概念纳入其中。我们回顾了新兴的想法和证据，特别强调了乔什·沃尔曼在过去15年中在这一领域做出的重要贡献。
The rapid point-to-point movements of the eyes called saccades are the most commonly made movement by humans, yet differ from nearly every other type of motor output in that they are completed too quickly to be adjusted during their execution by visual feedback. Saccadic accuracy remains quite high over a lifetime despite inevitable changes to the physical structures controlling the eyes, indicating that the oculomotor system actively monitors and adjusts motor commands to achieve consistent behavioural production. Indeed, it seems that beyond the ability to compensate for slow, age-related bodily changes, saccades can be modified following traumatic injury or pathology that affects their production, or in response to more short-term systematic alterations to post-saccadic visual feedback in a laboratory setting. These forms of plasticity rely on the visual detection of accuracy errors by a unified set of mechanisms that support the process known as saccade adaptation. Saccade adaptation has been mostly studied as a phenomenon in its own right, outside of motor learning in general. Here, we highlight the commonalities between eye and arm movement adaptation by reviewing the literature across these fields wherever there are compelling overlapping theories or data. Recent exciting findings are challenging previous interpretations of the underlying mechanism of saccade adaptation with the incorporation of concepts including prediction, reinforcement and contextual learning. We review the emerging ideas and evidence with particular emphasis on the important contributions made by Josh Wallman in this sphere over the past 15 years.
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